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Biomass and Waste Energy Applications
K.R. Rao, PhD, PE Editor
Biomass and Waste Energy ApplicationsK.R. Rao, PhD, PEEditor © 2021, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, shall not be responsible for statements or opinions advanced in papers or... printed in its publications (B7.1.3). Statement from the Bylaws. For authorization to photocopy material for internal or personal use under those circumstances not falling within the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act, contact the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: 978-750-8400, www.copyright.com., USA (www.asme.org) Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Control Number: 2020947669ISBN: 978-0-7918-83679 CONTENTSDedication vii Acknowledgements ix Contributing Biographies xi Foreword xvii Preface xixIntroduction xxi1 Bioenergy Including Biomass and Biofuels 1T. R. Miles1.1 Introduction 11.2 Trends in Biomass Energy and the Environment 11.3 Biomass Fuels and Feedstocks 21.4 Biomass Heat and Power Generation 81.5 Biofuels 191.6 Future Developments 191.7 Acronyms 191.8 References 201.9 Conversion Factors 232 Utilizing Waste Materials as a Source of Alternative Energy: Benefits and Challenges 25T. Terry Tousey and Rambod Rayegan2.1 Introduction 252.2 Regulatory Overview 262.3 Evaluating The Energy Value of a Waste 282.4 Examples of Waste Materials and By-Products that can be Used as a Fuel 292.5 Regulatory Drivers and Obstacles 342.6 Economic and Environmental Benefits of Waste to Energy 352.7 Generating Heat Versus Power 352.8 Business Risks, Liabilities, and Responsibilities 362.9 Storage and Handling of Wastes 372.10 Sourcing Waste Materials: Understanding the Supply Chain 372.11 Transportation Logistics 382.12 Community Relations 382.13 Effect of Waste Minimization and the Economy of Continuity of Supply 382.14 Recycling Versus Energy Recovery 392.15 Use of Anaerobic Digestion and Gasification for Waste 392.16 Utilizing Hazardous Waste Fuels in the Cement Industry: Case Study 402.17 Municipal Solid Waste as a Source of Energy 422.18 Waste Heat Recovery 442.19 Conclusion 452.20 References 453A Part A: Farm Waste to Energy 49Sumesh M. Arora 3.1 Abstract 49 3A Part A: Conversion of Animal Manures Via Anaerobic Digestion 493A.1 Introduction 493A.2 Digestion Process and Technology 54 3A.3 Collection and Utilization of Biogas 593A.4 Environmental Benefits of Anaerobic Digesters 603A.5 Performance Metrics for AD Projects 61 3A.6 Case Study: Biogas Production from Broiler Litter 633A.7 Biogas Production 653A.8 Conclusion 683A.9 References 683B Part B: Torrefaction of Lignocellulosic Agricultural Waste into Biocoal 71Prashanth Buchireddy and Mark E. Zappi3B.1 Biomass Sources 713B.2 The Torrefaction Process 72 3B.3 Torrefied Biomass Properties and Characteristics 743B.4 Torrefaction System and Reactor Types 76 3B.5 Current Technology Status and Bio coal Standards 793B.6 Example Applications of Torrefaction 79 3B.7 Reported Process Economics 793B.8 Acknowledgements 823B.9 References 824 Energy Generation from Metropolitan and Urban Wastes in India 85 Sunayana and Sunil Kumar4.1 Introduction 854.2 Population of India 854.3 Waste Generation in Indian Metro Cities and Urban Settlements 884.4 Prevailing Waste Management Scenario in Indian Cities 914.5 Energy Generation from Waste 944.6 Policy Framework and Implementation for SWM in India 994.7 Conclusion and Recommendations 994.8 References 1005 Waste-to-Energy–A Global Perspective 1015.0 Current Global Trends and Advances in Waste-to-Energy (WTE) 1015.1 Waste Energy of US and Canada 1015.2 Waste-to-Energy Capacity in Europe 1045.3 Waste-To-Energy in China 1185.4 Experiences of Waste-To-Energy in South Korea 1305.5 Africa’s Approach to Waste-to-Energy 1355.6 Waste Energy Perspective in Latin America & Caribbean 1515.7 Waste Energy Efforts in Australia 156Index 159PREFACERenewable Energy has emerged as an important source for energy and power generation from renewable resources, naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, hydro including tides and waves, geothermal heat, and from traditional and modern biomass. Worldwide investments in renewable energy are surpassing expectations, significantly in Europe (Germany and Spain), the US, in Asia (China and India) and in Australia. Energy, and Power Generation Handbook: Established and Emerging Technologies, edited by K.R. Rao, and published by ASME Press in 2011 was a comprehensive reference work of 32 chapters authored by 53 expert contributors from around the world, with the authors drawn from different specialties, each an expert in the respective field and with several decades of professional expertise and scores of technical publications. Recognizing the need of treating Renewable Energy and Power Generation as a separate field ASME Press initiated “Renewable Energy Series” to address each entity of Renewable Energy in a separate book, revising pertinent chapters of the 2011 Handbook and bringing the coverage up-to-date. This book is the second in a series of renewable energy topical books and addresses BIOMASS AND WASTE ENERGY APPLICATIONS to update chapters 14 and 15 of the 2011 Handbook in which Bio Mass and Waste Energy addressed in chapters 1 and 2 of this second book of the Renewable Energy Series. In addition, in Chapter 3 Farm Waste to Energy and Torrefaction of Lignocellulosic Agricultural Waste into Biocoal; in Chapter 4 Energy Generation from Metropolitan and Urban Wastes in India; and in chapter 5 Waste to Energy: A Global Perspective are presented.This book is meant to cover the technical discussions relating to Biomass and Waste Energy source as well as why(s) and wherefore(s) of power generation. A unique aspect of this publication is the scholarly discussions and expert opinions expressed, enabling the reader to make “value judgments” regarding bio mass and waste energy technology. This book has the end user in view from the very beginning to the end. The audience targeted by this publication not only includes libraries, universities for use in their curriculum, utilities, consultants, and regulators, but is also meant to include ASME’s global community. ASME’s strategic plan includes Energy Technology as a priority. This book could be of immense use to those looking beyond the conventional discussions contained in similar books that provide the “cost benefit” rationale. Instead of picturing a static view, the contributors portray a futuristic perspective in their depictions, even considering the realities beyond the realm of socio-economic parameters to ramifications of the political climate. These discussions will captivate advocacy planners of global warming and energy conservation. University libraries, the “public-at-large,” economists looking for technological answers, practicing engineers who are looking for greener pastures in pursuing their professions, young engineers who are scrutinizing job alternatives, and engineers caught in a limited vision of energy and power generation will find this publication informative. Equally important is that all of the authors have cited from the public domain as well as textbook publications, handbooks, scholastic literature, and professional society publications, including ASME’s Technical Publications, in addition to their own professional experience, items that deal with renewable energy and non-renewable energy sources. Thus, ASME members across most of the Technical Divisions will find this book worth having. Dr. K.R. Rao Editor-in-ChiefRenewable Energy SeriesINTRODUCTIONThe discussions in this book cover varied aspects of Biomass and Waste Energy in use around the globe. Chapters 1 through 5, deal with Biomass and Waste Energy in 218 pages addressed by 9 experts from academia, and practicing professionals from the U.S., and India. Global interest in Biomass and Waste Energy is apparent not only from the current usage but also from the untapped resources and its potential for greater usage. Several of the chapters that appeared in this publication are updates of chapters that appeared in the ASME Handbook Energy and Power Generation Handbook - Established and Emerging Technologies edited by K. R. Rao and published in 2011. The chapter revisions are provided by the continuing contributors as well as new contributors invited to provide their expertise to enrich the material in this publication.Bioenergy including Biomass and Biofuels is an update of the material authored by T. R. Miles for chapter 1 which appeared in Chapter 14 Bioenergy including Biomass and Biofuels in the 2011 ASME Handbook.Chapter 2 of this book is Utilizing Waste Materials as a Source of Alternative Energy: Benefits and Challenges updated by Rambod Rayegan of chapter 15 with same title authored by T. Terry Tousey in the ASME Handbook of 2011.Chapter 3 of this book is a new Chapter in two parts with the first Part A titled Farm Waste to Energy by Sumesh M. Arora and Part B is Torrefaction of Lignocellulosic Agricultural Waste into Biocoal authored by Prashanth Buchireddy and Mark E. Zappi.Considering the ramifications of waste in a developing economy Sunil Kumar was invited based on his expertise which is a new chapter which he did with his co-author Sunyana to cover Energy Generation from Metropolitan and Urban Wastes in India in Chapter 4.The last chapter 5 was authored by the Editor-in-Chief of this ASME’s Renewable Energy Series K. R. Rao who provided Waste –to-Energy: A Global Perspective in chapter 5.This second book of ASME Renewable Energy Series in about 215 pages captures the current and on-going trends of an important source of energy which has a dual role in addressing not only renewable energy sources but environmental considerations of clearing a plant of accumulation of waste. As such this publication becomes a rich reference material documenting the essence of the contributors’ expertise which can be a valuable addition to university libraries, as well as for consultants, decision makers, and professionals engaged in the disciplines described in this book. INTRODUCTIONFor the reader’s benefit, brief biographical sketches are included for each contributing author. Another unique aspect of this book is an Index that facilitates a ready search of the topics covered in this publication.In the leading chapter of this book “Bioenergy Including Biomass and Biofuels” is addressed by T. R. Miles. He captures his professional expertise in updating what was provided in his chapter in the ASME Handbook of 2011. Miles describes biomass fuels and discusses technologies that are suitable for biomass conversion. T. R. Miles draws from more than 40 years of experience in the design and development of biomass systems, from improved cooking stoves in developing countries, to industrial boilers, independent power plants, utility cofiring, the development of biofuels and biocarbon’s. Oil shortages in the 1970s stimulated the development of new technologies to convert biomass to heat, electricity, and liquid fuels. The next thirty years saw rapid development and commercial deployment of biomass energy stimulated by public investment and financial incentives. Combined firing of biomass with coal was shown to reduce emissions while substituting renewable fuel to reduce fossil carbon use. Cofiring and markets for transportation fuels have stimulated growth and global trading in biofuels. Technologies for torrefaction to increase the energy density and reduce storage and transportation costs for cofiring have improved but high costs of production have delayed adoption by utilities. Pyrolysis of biomass to liquid fuels promised to create opportunities for co-products, such as biochar, which can help sequester carbon and offset emissions from fossil fuels. Lowcost wind and solar electricity has slowed the adoption of biomass energy in some countries while others continue to promote biomass to reduce fossil fuel use. This chapter provides an overview of biomass fuels and resources, the biomass power industry, conventional and new technologies, and future trends. Advances in combustion and gasification are described. The growth of thermal and biological conversions to liquid fuels for heat, power, and transportation are described with implications for stationary use. Topics in Chapter 1 include biomass fuels and feedstocks, heat and power generation including cofiring biomass with coal, and conversion technologies such as gasification, torrefaction, pyrolysis, carbonization, biochar and biofuels. Biomass fuel properties that are important to energy conversion are compared with coal. The effect of moisture, energy density, volatile content, particle size, and ash are related to the selection, design, and operation of biomass boilers. Moisture, particle size, and density are shown to limit cofiring in existing boilers. New technologies can offset these properties enabling more biomass to be cofired with coal. Biomass types, sources, and supplies are evaluated including woody biomass, wood pellets, urban residues, and agricultural residues. The infrastructure and logistics of biomass are described. The current state of harvesting systems for crop residues and herbaceous crops is shown to highlight the need for higher fuel density and lower costs. New sections describe requirements for biomass boiler reliability and efficiency which have become more important as biomass projects compete for financing with other fuel sources. Technologies for heat and power generation include combustion, domestic heat, district energy, small scale, industrial, and utility boilers for power generation such as spreader stokers and bubbling and circulating fluidized bed boilers. Methods to improve combustion efficiency and emissions are explained. Technology needs are identified such as boilers for low-quality biomass fuels like animal manures.Pyrolysis and carbonization are described as methods to change the form of biomass to enable increased use. Biochar production, products, markets, and environmental benefits are described. Biochar is considered as a coproduct of pyrolysis or gasification that can be used to sequester carbon and improve soil fertility. Biofuel development is described as a potential market driver in global biofuel trade. The author concludes that future developments in biomass energy will depend on public policy decisions regarding the use of biomass resources and on the development of biomass energy as a means of offsetting carbon emissions from fossil fuels. The author uses 152 references along with schematics, figures, pictures, and tables to augment the professional and scholastic treatment of the subject. In ASME’s Energy and Power Generation Handbook published in 2011 chapter 15 was titled “Utilizing Waste Materials as a Source of Alternative Energy: Benefits and Challenges” which was addressed by T. Terry Tousey, who was unavailable for updating this chapter for the current book. In lieu Rambod Rayegan was invited to update the content of chapter 15 which appears in the current book as chapter 2. There are numerous waste streams, both industrial and residential, that contain recoverable energy. However, many of them, in their “as-generated” form are not suitable to be used directly as a fuel. Either they have contaminants that reduce their energy value, or they are not in the proper physical form and need to be processed in order to recover their energy value. The question then becomes, can the energy value of these materials be recovered economically? Rambod Rayegan noted that United States alone generates 7.6 billion tons per year of industrial solid waste and In 2015, more than 33 million tons of hazardous waste and more than 262 million tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) were generated. He also noted that in the United States, MSW generation has increased from 88 million tons in 1960 to more than 262 million tons in 2015. In chapter 15 of 2011 ASME Handbook, Tousey explored some of the benefits and challenges associated with using wastes and industrial by-products as a source of energy and looked at how different waste materials are classified by the regulatory agencies and how this affects the economics of using them as a source of energy. Tousey reviewed the economic and regulatory drivers for recovering the energy value of waste materials, and examined a few technologies being used to convert these materials into a usable form of energy, including anaerobic digestion and gasification. He also addressed the energy efficiency issues of using the calorific value of the waste to produce electricity versus using it directly in the production of heat. Rayegan updated the figures “MSW Generation Rates in United States, 1960-2015”; “Waste Management Hierarchy” and “Is A Material Solid Waste?” and notes that the EPA has developed some exclusions and exemptions from the definition of solid waste and/ or hazardous waste for certain wastes when they are reused or recycled. Tousey identified some specific examples of industrial and post-consumer waste streams that are currently being used for energy production and looked at their fuel characteristics. He explored the benefits and challenges associated with municipal waste to energy projects and we will look at a case study of the cement industry’s experience with using hazardous waste fuels. Tousey mentioned that this chapter strives to give the reader a broad overview of all the aspects of implementing a waste to energy program. This includes not only dealing with the potential operational, regulatory, and community relations issues, but also with the issues associated with sourcing materials and the concept of reverse distribution. It is important to understand that for a waste energy program to be successful, there must be an efficient mechanism in place to collect, process, and transport the material to the ultimate energy consumer. Current pricing in the United States for some of the more common sources of energy as of the end of 2017 is listed in the Table “Electricity pricing is as of the October 2017”, which has been updated by Rayegan. The net effect of all of these is a reduction in operating costs, which will help the global market with a reduction in their carbon footprint. Waste to energy will continue to play an increasing role in our future energy needs. These projects are unique in that their economics are almost always driven by disposal cost avoidance or regulatory compliance, and therefore, they are not completely dependent on the price of fossil fuels or government support to make them viable. For this reason, economics are generally more favorable for these types of projects than a pure renewable energy project. Hopefully, this chapter will give the reader the tools to make an informed decision. Rayegan had several updates and revisions scattered throughout the ASME 2011 Handbook in this chapter by Tousey. Rayegan, especially in the conclusion part of this chapter and all of the revised graphics including the figure “Breakdown of MSW Stream 2015”. Whereas Tousey used 55 references along with ten schematics, figures, pictures, and tables to augment the professional and scholastic treatment of the subject, Rayegan has now 64 scholastic and professional references and additional graphics to update this valuable chapter.Chapter 3 is a new chapter for this book not addressed in the ASME 2011 Handbook which is covered in this book in two distinct parts, Part A “Farm Waste to Energy” by Sumesh M. Arora and Part B “Torrefaction of Lignocellulosic Agricultural Waste into Bio coal” by Prashanth Buchi Reddy and Mark E. Zappi. In Part A Sumesh Arora covers agricultural systems which are uniquely positioned to supplement the present hydrocarbon economy by providing food, fuel and fiber to satisfy a growing global population. A common thread among all types of farms, whether they are sprawling corn fields, pine tree plantations, organic vegetable farms, concentrated animal feeding operations or aquaculture ponds, is that they all generate some type of organic waste. If properly managed and utilized, the organic waste from these farms is a viable feedstock for energy generation in the form of direct heat, or liquid and gaseous fuels. This chapter focuses on two primary types of agricultural and forestry wastes and the associated technologies to convert them into energetic products. Animal manure and lignocellulosic biomass are considered for conversion via anaerobic digestion and torrefaction, respectively. The two-part chapter includes discussions on the characteristics of the relevant feedstocks, techno-economic analysis of the different conversion processes along with examples of real-world systems that are currently in use. Part A of this chapter provides details about the anaerobic digestion process, system design and the variation of biogas generation potential from different animal wastes. Most of the digester systems around the world to date, regardless of their size or digester design, have been implemented using cow manure primarily, and pig waste to a lesser extent. This chapter presents a case study of a poultry litter-based digester, which may be considered an emerging feedstock for anaerobic digestion due to significant growth of the world-wide poultry industry. This chapter highlights the opportunities and challenges for utilizing digester technology for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions globally from livestock operations via anaerobic digestion. Sumesh Arora, who is a recognized professional, authored this part of the chapter augmenting the discussions with 73 references, 14 figures and 8 tables. The second part of Chapter 3 Buchi Reddy and Zappi discuss the potential to produce solid fuel (biocoal/green coal) from lignocellulosic biomass/waste resources via a thermochemical route known as torrefaction. This chapter introduces the concept of torrefaction and provides the mechanistic and physiochemical changes that occur during torrefaction processing. The influence of operational parameters on the properties and characteristics (energy density, chemical composition, physical appearance, moisture content, grindability, density, and particle size/shape/surface area) of biocoal produced from various feedstocks are detailed. Reactor technologies that can accommodate torrefaction and their respective pros and cons are discussed in this chapter. In addition, the status of torrefaction technology, with details of commercialization efforts undertaken by various entities around the globe and recently developed standards for bio coal are included. Further, details of the process economics of bio coal production reported by various researchers are included in this chapter. Part B of chapter 3 authored by Buchi Reddy and Zappi with the professional knowledge is articulated with scholastic discussions using 55 references and 8 graphics.Chapter 4 which is also a new chapter by Sunayana and Sunil Kumar throw light on “Energy Generation From Metropolitan and Urban Wastes In India”. The authors have focused on existing status of India under this sector and related the different offshoots of societal context impacting this very sector. The discussion begins with India’s different demography existing across its length, the different population density clusters and future of the existing agglomeration owing to increase in population and subsequently municipal solid waste generation. The discussion progresses with India’s statistics on waste generation, composition and waste management. This interrelate different Indian states and factors that affect waste generation and composition. The updated existing status of India’s waste collection and disposal has been highlighted and to author’s dismay not a pleasant situation has appeared after reporting the status quo. The anticipated repercussions of improper solid waste management have been presented in the chapter as well. India’s potential for energy generation from urban and metropolitan waste has been identified as a whole and is cluttered among different Indian agglomerations. This gives idea to anyone as to which are the locations to be selected chronologically to generate energy from waste and background of energy generation technology used and present status. The power production potential of different Indian cities has been discussed based on its quantitative production. Finally, India’s policy on waste management has been discussed and India’s potential for economy generation and growth from waste has been highlighted. The authors have concluded by stating that there is huge market existing for economic development potential in India. In future, India needs to work in direction to save places for its burgeoning population and provide its inhabitants with healthy environment. The authors have updated India’s distribution of states and Union territories for the Gazette of India, dated 2 November 2019 which is probably first time reported in any review article since order passed. The author has used 41 references, along with different pictures, figures, maps, tables and flowcharts to achieve an integrative and multifaceted description for the topic of immense global interest.Chapter 5 titled “Current Global Trends and Advances in Waste-To-Energy (WTE)” authored by K. R. Rao is a new chapter which captures as the title signifies the global picture of Waste to Energy. This chapter identifies based on “on-line” references, in seven sections salient advances, since it is not the intent to provide in-depth approaches which can be assimilated from the footnotes given in the discussions:5.1: Waste Energy in the US and Canada;5.2: Waste-to-Energy capacity in Europe;5.3: Waste Energy usage in China;5.4: Experiences of Waste to Energy in South Korea;5.5: Waste Energy potential in Africa;5.6: Waste Energy Perspective in South America, Mexico and Caribbean;5.7: Waste Energy efforts in Australasia;The discussions are based upon current literature and advances pertaining to Waste Energy generation captured for the benefits of readers, however it is advisable for the users to consult the citations provided in footnotes to obtain first-hand knowledge as applicable to the individual requirements of the readers. The entire textual content is often a “verbatim” quote to highlight how most of the urbanized world is out to capture the metropolitan waste for developing energy. In section 5.1 Waste Energy of the US and Canada has been addressed by K.R. Rao. Author states that US emerges as world’s top producer of waste, generating far more waste than any other country in the world. With just 4% of the global population, the US generates 12% of the world’s municipal solid waste (MSW) which is approximately 239 million metric tons. United States has the potential to use 77 million dry tons of wet waste per year, which would generate about 1.079 quadrillion British thermal units (Btu) of energy. In 2015 the United States’ total primary energy consumption was about 97.7 quadrillion Btu. The early-stage nature of many waste-to-energy technologies and the observation that the waste feedstock is readily available in many cases makes them good candidates for the national programs. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and DOE collaborated to update the Biogas Opportunities Roadmap. This effort extends the scope beyond the municipal wastewater community to include other relevant feedstocks, such as animal husbandry wastes. The National Science Foundation, DOE, and EPA jointly hosted a workshop to better define the industry’s long-term vision (20+ years) for the actions needed to make that vision a reality. In section 5.2 Waste-To-Energy capacity in Europe has been addressed by K. R. Rao in which he discusses the efforts of the Confederation of European Waste to Energy Plants (CEWEP). Interactive Map of Waste-to-Energy Plants and the Municipal Waste Treatment Map, 2018 have been developed as part of this effort. Current Waste-to-Energy capacity is 90 million tons and the capacity for co-incineration is around 11 million tons, which leaves a gap of around 40 million tons. A Full Review of The CEWEP Calculation Tool for Potential Impacts on Waste Amounts for Thermal Treatment has been included in the author’s coverage of WtE efforts in Europe. EUROSTAT baseline and EUROSTAT higher migration scenario have been addressed along with “Bottom Ash – A Golden Opportunity” in which the continued challenges of residual waste and energy recovery have been covered. Issues of “Decentralize and Decarbonize” as a ESWET’s vision for the future sees an increasingly decentralized network, with waste to energy plants able to process waste locally and deliver energy in the form of electricity, heating and cooling to local users have been covered by the author. The efforts of ESWET and CEWEP to policymakers have been included in the discussions along with reasons why Europe had better move away from waste-to-energy, and embrace zero waste instead. Europe Waste To Energy Market Forecast 2019-2027 shows it is expected to account for the highest revenue share in 2027. The market is expected to continue its dominance throughout the projected years of 2019-2027. The calculation tool developed by CEWEP is focused on the impacts of the EU Circular Economy. Package is based on the amount of municipal and non-hazardous commercial and industrial waste (excluding minor mineral waste fractions) on thermal treatment. The Symbiosis project promotes re-manufacturing, reuse and recycle, and transforms one industry’s waste to another’s raw material and/or fuel, to pave the way for a more circular economy for the regions, where waste is eliminated and resources are used in an efficient and sustainable way. The package introduces new waste management targets. For municipal (household) waste, it sets a 10% cap for landfilling and a recycling target of 65% by 2035. K. R. Rao discusses what has been in Europe traditionally the the largest Waste to Energy (WtE) technology market in the world. Author discusses the driving force for the Landfill Directive in Europe, especially in Southern and Eastern Europe. The ambitious Circular Economy Package adopted by The European Commission in December 2015 which consists of an EU Action Plan with measures covering the whole product life cycle: from design, sourcing, production and consumption to waste management and the market for secondary raw materials has been covered in this section. The transition towards a more circular economy brings great opportunities for Europe and its citizens, which is an important part of Europe’s efforts to modernize. In section 5.3 K. R. Rao addresses Waste to Energy in China in which he covers the perspectives and how it works. China is the world’s largest MSW generator, producing as much as 175 million tons of waste every year. With a current population surpassing 1.37billion and exponential trends in waste output expected to continue, it is estimated that China’s cities will need to develop an additional hundreds of landfills and waste-to-energy plants to tackle the growing waste management crisis. China’s three primary methods for municipal waste management are landfills, incineration, and composting. Author has discussed the Prevalent Issues, Top Challenges and Key Challenges and Opportunities. The Prospects for the Waste-to-Energy Industry in China have been enumerated, highlighting the Conclusions and Recommendations WTE in China. In section 5.4 “Experiences of Waste to Energy in South Korea” have been dealt by K. R. Rao in which he enumerated the Combined Heat and Power from Municipal Solid Waste. Current Status and Issues in South Korea have been dealt along with Management of MSW in South Korea, Energy Production and Efficiencies of WtE from MSW and Critical Issues of WtE in Korea. In section 5.5 K. R. Rao dealt with Africa’s Approach To Waste To Energy enumerating Africa’s Approach to Waste, Public Opinion about Waste-to-Energy (WtE) in Africa, African Experience with WtE and The Challenges Ahead. KR Rao discusses about Plenty of Waste and Lack of Institutional Framework, Massive Waste in African Megacities which call for Sustainable WtE Facilities. Author expounds the experiences of Waste-to-Energy with Case Studies. A Summary of Waste to Energy - African Experience, the unique issue to Integrate Waste Pickers into Zero Waste Plan is elaborated concluding with the Appropriateness of WtE for Africa, In section 5.6 Waste Energy Perspective in Latin America & Caribbean had been addressed by K. R. Rao. The topics included in the discussions for Mexico, South America & Caribbean are how these areas turn to Waste-To-Energy for Power Generation; Waste To Energy Technologies and Recycling Outlook for Latin America; Organic Waste To Energy in Latin America and The Caribbean (LAC); Municipal Solid Waste Management in Latin America; and how Rio De Janeiro is Burning Trash to Create Energy and Cut Emissions. Finally in section 5.7 K. R. Rao mentions Waste Energy Efforts in Australasia. In sections 5.1 through 5.6 the author uses 289 footnotes, 37 figures and 14 tables to support and augment his discussions. These are provided for the benefit of readers to refer and supplement their in-depth understanding of the subject matter.