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Wind Energy for Power Generation
Meeting the Challenge of Practical Implementation
Volume 2 K. R. RAO SPRINGER
K. R. RaoWind Energy for Power GenerationMeeting the Challenge of Practical ImplementationVolume 2 K. R. RaoKRRao ConsultingBrandon, MS, USAISBN 978-3-319-75132-0 ISBN 978-3-319-75134-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75134-4Library of Congress Control Number: 2018944264# Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG part of Springer Nature.The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, SwitzerlandThis publication is dedicated to my father Kocherlakota Satya Narayana Murthy (K. S. N. Murthy) for inculcating in me the value of scholarly achievements which motivated me to take up this project which subsumes in this endeavor not only all of my years of education but also six decades of professional skills.This publication is further dedicated to my mother K. Annapoorna who instilled in me the value of “commitment to a cause” that I earnestly believe – sharing with others what all I achieved. This effort is the result of following my mother’s lifelong ambition that I should share my education for the “benefit of others.”I also dedicate this book to my paternal aunt V. Chandramathi who subsidized funds in 1950s for completing my bachelor’s degree in a prestigious engineering college of India.PrologueThe title portrays the intent of this book is to unravel the “Wind Energy for Power Generation – Meeting the Challenge of Practical Implementation” so that “intricacies” involved in making policy decisions for selecting “Wind Energy for Power Generation” around the globe are unraveled. The author recognizes that public policy decisions would involve several layers of details, interknit with multidisciplines, for end users who could be individuals, neighborhood groups, township committees, utilities, or even operators of a national grid.This publication is divided into seven chapters, first chapter dealing with technical considerations, the second dealing with wind energy economics, and chapters three, four, five, six and seven sequentially deal with socioeconomic factors, geopolitical parameters, environmental impacts, role of conservation and efficiency and leading to public policy implications respectively.The first chapter containing technical considerations addresses wind power technology in an easily understandable format starting with historical background. Whereas several publications dealing with wind energy have detailed discussions about technical aspects and few incidentally address economic aspects, there are practically no books which cover other aspects critical for decision-making process. The technical considerations will provide correlations for making public policy decisions taken at all levels of the government, engineering students, and practicing professionals involved in wind as energy and power generation source.Economic parameters relevant to practicing professionals and decision makers become the vital components of the decision process which are eloquently covered in second chapter of this book. In addition, few examples for professional engineering examinations are also included.The matrix of the other chapters covered will unravel “comprehensively” all of the details pertaining to socioeconomic parameters, environmental issues and reduction of global warming, geopolitical constraints, and role of conservation that impact public policy decisions. These will be coherently and succinctly paraphrased in this book for the USA as well as the global context. This matrix of coverage is not merely for USA but address developed countries, including Europe, Canada, Japan, and Australasia; developing countries of Asia such as China and India; select Latin American countries such as Brazil and Argentina; as well as Middle East and Africa. Case studies of wind power projects from sources available in public domain such as Canadian, Indian, British, Spanish, and the US wind energy systems, and other global energy systems are succinctly addressed.The “front matter” and “end matter” of this publication are applicable to all of the seven chapters.The energy and power generation issues in these current days of globalization do not have national boundaries. The coverage around globe not only envelops diverse interdisciplinary engineering constraints and resource potential of wind for energy and power generation but also delves into optimal techniques to make wind comparable to the conventional energy resources.The discussions throughout the book, provided with pertinent sketches, graphics, equations, tables, several references, and elaborate bibliographical footnotes are meant for further study to probe into related aspects. Immense use of this publication will be for academia due to the rich scholastic coverage of each of the topics. Author with his editorial experience of professionalix Prologuepublications in the engineering field has focused on the end users in addition to the libraries of engineering schools, schools of public and international affairs, public policy institutes, and professional societies.Author does not make any pretext about the textual content in this entire publication. Instead of “reinventing the wheel,” author has researched to explore expert opinions pertaining to each paragraph and topic in this publication. Thus, the reader will find several statements are authenticated by foot notes and citations from scholastic sources throughout the book. As mentioned in all of the chapters, “cherry-picking” has been adopted throughout the text, to assimilate the essence of the viewpoint of eminent practicing professionals involved in wind engineering. In several situations the source for the sentences and paragraphs cited in the text could also pertain to the following text and paragraphs. This way author has avoided repetitions of cited references. For an “in-depth” knowledge of any particular aspect, readers are advised to follow the citations in the footnotes to consult the respective authorities for the aspects covered. All of the chapters have been thoroughly reviewed by at least two independent reviewers. The reviewers have been selected from fields other than Wind Engineering to avoid “piled higher and deeper” attitude. The reviewers are preeminently qualified engineering professionals whose “outside-the-box” opinion would be valuable for advocating the viewpoint advanced by the author. Each of the reviewer’s bio-data with pictures is included in the “front matter” of this publication.It is worth mentioning that author feels he is uniquely qualified to address all of the topics covered in this publication. With his multidisciplinary educational qualifications, affiliations to August Professional Societies, and five decades of diverse professional achievements, as accounted in his bio-data, he is justly qualified to write a comprehensive document of energy and power generation from wind resource. Contents of Volume 23 Global Wind Energy and Power Generation Options: Socioeconomic Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703 3.1 Social Factors Impacting Wind Energy Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704 3.1.1 Demographics vis-à-vis Wind Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.2 Spatial Distribution vis-à-vis Wind Energy: Land Use 704and Infrastructure Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706 3.1.3 Infrastructure Impacting Wind Energy Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711 3.1.4 Habitations and Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712 3.1.5 Cultural Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713 3.1.6 Migration Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716 3.2 Economic Factors Impacting Wind Energy Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717 3.2.1 Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718 3.2.2 Income Distribution and Gini Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719 3.2.3 Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722 3.2.4 Potential for Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759 3.2.5 Availability of Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760 3.2.6 Availability of Land Acreage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764 3.2.7 Banking and Financial Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.8 Socioeconomic Strengths and Weaknesses of Wind 764Energy and Power Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764 3.2.9 Change and Progress Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.10 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Per Capita and Purchasing 765Power Parity (PPP) Per Capita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767 3.3 Administrative Factors Impacting Wind Energy Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768 3.3.1 Transparency vs. Corruption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768 3.3.2 Security and Terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768 3.3.3 Crime and Vandalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768 3.4 Summary of Socioeconomic Factors Influencing Wind Energy Option . . . . 3.4.1 Summary Tables of Socioeconomic Factors Impacting 768Wind Energy Option for World Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768 3.4.2 Regional Country Disparities in Social Economic Parameters . . . 3.4.3 Summary and Conclusions of the Socioeconomic Factors 772Impacting Wind Energy Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8274 Geo-political Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829 4.1 Geo-political Factors Impacting Wind Energy Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829 4.2 Global Availability of Wind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831 4.3 Regional Variations and Overlaps for Wind Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 East Pacific Region Including Australasia: Terrain 833and Geopolitics of Wind Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834 4.4.1 Australasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834 4.4.2 China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835xi 4.4.3 Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848 4.4.4 Thailand, Lao (PDR), Cambodia, and Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 852 4.4.5 Myanmar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861 4.4.6 Mongolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8624.5 Europe and Central Asia: Terrain and Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867 4.5.1 Central Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867 4.5.2 European Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8724.6 Offshore Wind Power in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 882 4.6.1 Synchronous Grid of Continental Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 882 4.6.2 Politics of European Wind Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8874.7 Latin America and the Caribbean: Terrain and Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7.1 Countries of the Caribbean, Central America, 889and South America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890 4.7.2 Latin America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8934.8 Middle East and North Africa: Terrain and Geopolitics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909 4.8.1 Countries of the Middle East and North Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909 4.8.2 Geopolitics of the Middle East and North Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8.3 Wind Resources of the Middle East, North Africa, 910and Sub-Sahara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911 4.8.4 Grid Integration of the Middle East and North Africa . . . . . . . . . 9174.9 Sub-Saharan Africa: Terrain and Geopolitics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9.1 Social, Economic, and Demographics Impacting Energy 918Usage in Sub-Sahara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9.2 Energy Usage of Fossil Fuel and Renewable Resource 920Projects in Africa and Sub-Sahara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921 4.9.3 Wind Energy in Africa Including Sub-Sahara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9.4 Key Players in Wind Markets: Developers, Sponsors, 923and Operators in Africa and Sub-Sahara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929 4.9.5 Wind Turbine Manufacturers in Africa and Sub-Sahara . . . . . . . 4.9.6 Financing of Wind Energy Projects in Africa 929and Sub-Sahara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 930 4.9.7 Technical Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932 4.9.8 Economic Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933 4.9.9 Policy Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9344.10 South Asia: Terrain and Geopolitics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 934 4.10.1 Countries of South Asia Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 934 4.10.2 Offshore Wind Resources in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 950 4.10.3 Wind Power in Pakistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965 4.10.4 Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 972 4.10.5 Sri Lanka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975 4.10.6 Nepal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9984.10.7 Bhutan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1010 4.10.8 Sikkim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016 4.11 Canada, Mexico, and the Rest of North America:Terrain and Geopolitics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10204.11.1 Wind Power in Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1020 4.11.2 Wind Power in Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1024 4.11.3 Wind Power in the Caribbean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1026 4.12 The United States: Terrain and Geopolitics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031 4.12.1 US Wind Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1032 4.12.2 Utility-Scale Land-Based 80-m Wind Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1033 4.12.3 Utility-Scale Land-Based 110-m Wind Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1036 Contents of Volume 2 xiii 4.12.4 Potential Wind Capacity at 140-m Hub Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1036 4.12.5 Estimates of Windy Land Area and Wind EnergyPotential, by State, for Areas > ¼ 30% Capacity Factor at 80 m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1036 4.12.6 US 48 Contiguous States vs. Potential Wind Capacity . . . . . . . . 1036 4.12.7 Estimates of Wind Energy Potential by State for MW > ¼ 35% Capacity Factor at 80-m, 110-m, and 140-m Hub Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1038 4.12.8 Community-Scale 50-m Wind Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039 4.12.9 Residential-Scale 30-m Wind Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1042 4.12.10 Installed Wind Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1043 4.12.11 Offshore Wind Resource Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1043 4.12.12 Alleviation of US Poverty by Wind Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1045 4.12.13 List of US States by Poverty Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1047 4.12.14 Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands 50-m WindResource Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1050 4.12.15 California’s Wind Resource Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1051 4.13 Summary of the Geo-political Factors Influencing WindEnergy Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1065 4.14 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10685 Environmental Impacts in Relation to Wind Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10735.1 Global Warming (GW), Climate Change (CC), and Environmental Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1073 5.2 Wind Energy Vis-a-Vis Global Warming (GW),Climate Change (CC), and Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10915.3 Climatic Change in the Pacific Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10995.3.1 Climate Change in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10995.3.2 Global Warming in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11005.3.3 Environment of China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11075.3.4 Solving Global Warming in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11125.3.5 Climate Change and Global Warming in Pacific Islands . . . . . . . 11145.3.6 Environment Solutions in Pacific Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11185.3.7 Climate Change and Global Warming in Australia . . . . . . . . . . . 1135 5.3.8 Environmental Issues and Solutions for GlobalWarming in Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11375.3.9 Climate Change and Global Warming in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11435.3.10 Environmental Issues and Solutions for Global Warming in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11455.4 Europe and Central Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11505.4.1 Climate Change in Europe and Central Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11505.4.2 Global Warming in Europe and Central Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11525.4.3 Environmental Impact in Europe and Central Asia . . . . . . . . . . . 11585.4.4 Solutions for Global Warming and Environment in Europe and Central Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11665.5 Latin America and the Caribbean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11715.5.1 Climate Change in Latin America and the Caribbean . . . . . . . . . 11715.5.2 Global Warming in South and Central America . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11745.5.3 Environmental Impact in South and Central America . . . . . . . . . 11775.5.4 Solutions for Global Warming and Environment in South and Central America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11785.6 The Middle East and North Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11815.6.1 Climate Change in the Middle East and North Africa . . . . . . . . . 11825.6.2 Global Warming in the Middle East and North Africa . . . . . . . . . 11865.6.3 Environmental Impact in the Middle East and North Africa . . . . . 11875.6.4 Solutions for Climate Change, Global Warming, and Environment in the Middle East and North Africa . . . . . . . . 11875.7 Sub-Sahara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11895.7.1 Climate Change in Sub-Sahara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11905.7.2 Global Warming in Sub-Sahara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11915.7.3 Environment in Sub-Sahara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11955.7.4 Solutions to Environmental Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11965.8 South Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11985.8.1 Global Warming Effects in South Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11985.8.2 Impact of Climate Changes in South Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11995.8.3 Environmental Impacts in South Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12005.8.4 Solutions for Resolving Environmental Impacts in South Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12015.8.5 Global Warming In India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12025.8.6 Climate Change Issues in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12025.8.7 Environmental Impacts in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12035.8.8 Solutions for Resolving Environmental Impacts in India . . . . . . . 12065.8.9 Climate Change and Global Warming Effects in Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12105.8.10 Global Warming in Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12105.8.11 Impact of Climate Change in Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12115.8.12 Environmental Impact in Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12115.8.13 Solutions for Global Warming, Climate Control, and Resolving Environmental Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12125.8.14 Republic of Maldives (An Island Nation in the Indian Ocean) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12145.9 Environment in Canada, Mexico, and the Rest of North America . . . . . . . . 12165.9.1 Climate Change in Canada, Mexico, and the Rest of North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12165.9.2 Global Warming in Canada, Mexico, and the Rest of North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12215.9.3 Environment in Canada, Mexico, and the Rest of North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1222 5.9.4 Solutions to Environmental Problems in Canada,Mexico, and the Rest of North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12235.10 Environment in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12305.10.1 Climate Change in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12305.10.2 Global Warming in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12365.10.3 Environment in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12455.10.4 Solutions to Environmental Problems in the United States . . . . . . 1249 5.11 Public Perspective for Wind as an Energy and PowerGeneration Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1257 5.11.1 Limitations, Reservations, and Possibilities to HarnessWind Energy from a Variety of Sources Around the Globe . . . . . 12575.11.2 Comparative Environmental Efforts of Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12595.11.3 Climate Path, Climate Change, and Global Warming . . . . . . . . . 12595.11.4 Carbon Pollution, Carbon Capture, Carbon Footprint, and Carbon Credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12615.11.5 Other Environmental Issues and Political Pressures . . . . . . . . . . 1263Contents of Volume 2 xv5.11.6 Impact of Urban Planning and Building Efficiency in Power Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12645.11.7 Technological Advances and Energy Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12645.11.8 Role of Green Power Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12665.11.9 Economical Incentives, Governmental Protections, and Regulations for Wind Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1268 5.12 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12726 Conservation and Efficiency Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12756.1 Energy Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12766.2 Energy Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12786.2.1 Combined Heat and Power Improve Energy Efficiency . . . . . . . . 12796.2.2 Energy Conversion Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12826.2.3 Energy Efficiencies Strategies and Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12846.2.4 Energy Efficiency Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12856.3 Energy Conservation and Energy Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12856.3.1 What Is the Difference Between Energy Conservation and Energy Efficiency? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12866.3.2 Efficiency and Conservation Are Different but Related . . . . . . . . 12866.3.3 Energy Efficiency and Conservation Are Cheapest and Cleanest Energy Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1287 6.3.4 Closing the Efficiency Gap: Barriers to the EfficientUse of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1288 6.3.5 Energy Efficiency and Conservation: Opportunities,Obstacles, and Experiences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12886.4 Global Market for Energy Consumption and Energy Efficiency . . . . . . . . . 12916.4.1 Energy Conservation by the Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12916.4.2 United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1302 6.4.3 The US Better Buildings Residential ProgramSolution Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13066.4.4 State and Local Energy Efficiency Programs in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13066.5 The Rebound Effect and Energy Efficiency Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13146.6 Wind Energy: Conservation and Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13146.6.1 Wind Energy Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13146.6.2 Pros and Cons of Wind Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13166.6.3 Wind Energy Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions . . . . . . . . . . 13196.6.4 Wind Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13206.6.5 New York’s Wind Power Generation Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13216.7 Energy Savings and Building Efficiency Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13236.8 Schematic Presentation of Wind Energy Conservation and Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13236.9 Press Bulletins: Conservation and Efficiency Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13286.10 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13287 Wind Energy: Public Policy Issues and Public Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1331 7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13317.3.1 Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1332 7.2 Wind Energy Public Policy Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13347.2.1 Technical Considerations with Public Policy Implications . . . . . . 13347.2.2 Economic Rationale and Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1339 7.2.3 Socioeconomic Parameters Impacting Public PolicyDecisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13417.2.4 Geo-political Factors Impacting Public Policy Decisions . . . . . . . 13427.2.5 Environmental Impacts on Public Policy Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . 1342 7.2.6 Conservation and Efficiency Limitations ImpactingPublic Policy Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13467.4 Public Policy Issues and World Bank Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13477.4.1 World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13477.4.2 East Asia and Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13517.4.3 Europe and Central Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13537.4.4 Latin America and Caribbean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13567.4.5 Middle East and North Africa (MENA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13597.4.6 Sub-Saharan Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13617.4.7 South Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13637.4.8 North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13687.5 Press Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13827.6 Conclusions: Wind Energy Public Decisions for Whom? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1387 7.5.1 Entities: Individual Units, Groups, Local, States,Regions, and Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13887.5.2 Role of Organizations Dealing with Public Policies and Schools of Engineering and Public Administration . . . . . . . . 1389 Epilogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1391List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1393List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1415References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1419