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Wind Energy ApplicationsK.R. Rao, PhD, PE Editor
© 2022, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, shall not be responsible for statements or opinions advanced in papers or... printed in its publications (B7.1.3). Statement from the Bylaws. For authorization to photocopy material for internal or personal use under those circumstances not falling within the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act, contact the Copyright Clearance Center(CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923.Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Control Number: 2022936849ISBN: 978-0-7918-8572-7CONTENTSDedication viiAcknowledgements ixContributor Biographies xiPreface xvIntroduction xvii1 Role of Nasa in Wind EnergyLarry A. Viterna and K. R. Rao1.1 Introduction 11.2 Wind Energy 11.3 Conclusions 61.4 Acknowledgments 71.5 Acronyms 71.6 References 71.7 Nasa Developments, Potential And Bibliography Since 2010 92 Scope of Wind Energy Generation TechnologiesJose Zayas and K. R. Rao2.1 Introduction: Wind Energy Trend and Current Status 272.2 Sandia’s History In Wind Energy 282.3 Snl’s Transition To Hawt’s In The Mid 1990S 312.4 Moving Forward: State Of The Industry 342.5 Future Trends 422.6 Conclusion 472.7 Acronyms 482.8 References 482.9 Scope Of Wind Energy Generation Technologies Since 2011 483 Wind Energy in The U.S. 69Thomas Baldwin, Gary Seifert and K. R. Rao3.1 Introduction 693.2 Wind Turbine Technologies 703.3 Wind Resources In The U.S. 703.4 Wind Plant Economics 743.5 Technical Issues 763.6 Environmental Issues 763.7 Radar Impacts 773.8 Local Impacts 783.9 Addressing Needs For Wind To Reach Its Full Potential In The U.S. 783.10 Wind Farm Development 803.11 Wind Resource Assessment 803.12 Wind Farm Design 853.13 Wind Energy Research 783.14 Acronyms 903.15 References 913.16 cope of Wind Energy in the US Since 2011 914 Wind Energy Research in the Netherlands 119Peter Eecen and K. R. Rao4.1 Introduction 1194.2 Wind Energy In The Netherlands 1194.3 Historic View To 1990 1204.4 Historic View 1990 To 2000 1214.6 Research Programs 1264.7 Experimental Research Infrastructure In The Netherlands 1294.8 Summary 1334.9 Acronyms And Internet 1344.10 References 1344.11 Wind Energy In The Netherlands Since 2011-Introduction 1345 Role of Wind Energy Technology in India and Neighboring Countries 169Ramesh Muthya5.1 Introduction 169 5.2 India 1705.3 China 173 5.4 Sri Lank 1755.5 Pakistan 1775.6 Summary And Conclusions 1795.7 Acronyms 1795.8 References 1796 Artificial Intelligence in Wind Energy 181Weifei Hu6.1 Introduction 1816.2 Fundamentals of State-of-the-art AI 1816.3 Applications of AI in WE 1856.4 Conclusions 1896.5 Abbreviations 1896.6 Acknowledgements 1896.7 References 189
Index 193
PREFACERenewable Energy has emerged as an important source for energy and power generation from renewable resources, naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, hydro including tides and waves, geothermal heat, and from traditional and modern biomass. Worldwide investments in renewable energy are surpassing expectations, significantly in Europe (Germany and Spain), the US, in Asia (China and India) and in Australia.Energy, and Power Generation Handbook: Established and Emerging Technologies, edited by K.R. Rao, and published by ASME Press in 2011 was a comprehensive reference work of 32 chapters authored by 53 expert contributors from around the world, with the authors drawn from different specialties, each an expert in the respective field and with several decades of professional expertise and scores of technical publications. Recognizing the need of treating Renewable Energy and Power Generation as a separate field ASME Press initiated “Renewable Energy Series” to address each entity of Renewable Energy in a separate book, revising pertinent chapters of the 2011 Handbook and bringing the coverage up to date.This book is the third in a series of renewable energy topical books and addresses WIND ENERGY APPLICATIONS to update chapters 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 of the 2011 Handbook in which Wind Energy has been covered in chapters 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively, in this third book of the Renewable Energy Series. In addition, a new chapter numbered Chapter 6 covering “Artificial Intelligence in Wind Energy” is presented by Weiwei Hu. Due to various reasons ranging from changing interests, change of jobs and due to lack of interest after a lapse of a decade since the publication of original book, initial authors of original chapters 6, 7, 8 and 9 were unavailable for the current effort.Dr. K.R. Rao, who was successful in his 2019 Springer Publication covering “Wind Energy for Power Generation - Meeting the Challenge of Practical Implementation” in two volumes and nearly two thousand pages decided to update chapters 6, 7, 8 and 9 with his knowledge and acumen to update these chapters.Mr. Ramesh Muthya with his decades of experience in Wind Power Generation in India continues to update Chapter 10 titled “Role of Wind Energy Technology in India and Neighboring Countries”, which was authored by him in the 2011 Handbook.This book is meant to cover the technical discussions relating to Wind Energy source as well as why(s) and wherefore(s) of power generation. A unique aspect of this update is the scholarly discussions and nearly 400 footnotes and 102 references enabling the reader to make “value judgments” regarding wind energy technology. This book has the end user in view from the very beginning to the end. The audience targeted by this publication not only includes libraries, universities for use in their curriculum, utilities, consultants, and regulators, but is also meant to include ASME’s global community. ASME’s strategic plan includes Energy Technology as a priority.This book could be of immense use to those looking beyond the conventional discussions contained in similar books that provide the “cost benefit” rationale. Instead of picturing a static view, the contributors portray a futuristic perspective in their depictions, even considering the realities beyond the realm of socio-economic parameters to ramifications of the political climate. These discussions will captivate advocacy planners of global warming and energy conservation. University libraries, the “public-at-large,” economists looking for technological answers, practicing engineers who are looking for greener pastures in pursuing their professions, young engineers who are scrutinizing job alternatives, and engineers caught in a limited vision of energy and power generation will find this book informative.From the update provided by Dr. K.R. Rao in the footnotes of chapters 6, 7, 8 and 9 from public domain, textbook publications, scholastic literature, professional societies and Governmental publications of Task Forces and Special Study Groups, and ASME’s Technical Publications that deal with renewable energy sources including Wind Energy Exploration. This publication will be especially useful for ASME members across most of the Technical Divisions, Associations of the European Union dealing with Wind Energy and Research Laboratories engaged with Wind Energy and Power Generation.INTRODUCTIONIn the current third book of the Renewable Energy Series pub-lashed by ASME Press and edited by Dr. K.R. Rao, chapters 1, 2, 3, and 4 had been updated by Dr. Rao who authored the 2019 Springer Classic, “Wind Energy for Power Generation - Meeting the Challenge of Practical Implementation”, in two volumes and nearly 2,000 pages. Dr. Rao had researched especially for these book chapters tracing the Wind Energy Applications accomplished during the past decade, i.e., since 2020 through now. Based on his research from publications in the public domain Dr. Rao’s sum-up of these chapters 1, 2, 3 and 4 follow the original author’s introduction as it appeared in 2011 Handbook.In the original chapter by Dr. Larry Viterna’s introduction that appeared in the 2011 Handbook [1] he stated, “in the decade from 1975 through the 1985 the United States government worked with industry to advance the technology and help enable large commercial wind turbines. The impetus for this effort was two events on the world stage (1) an oil embargo by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 1973 followed by (2) the fall of the Shah of Iran in 1979. In response to the first crises, in 1975, NASA’s Glenn Research Center took on the role of leading the technology development of large horizontal-axis wind turbines, the dominant type of wind turbine in use. The following pages document the development of major wind turbine systems and technologies, their impact on the industry and future development areas that could benefit the industry. NASA’s Glenn Research Center, Ohio had the facilities and engineering capabilities necessary to advance wind turbine technology. NASA was able to successfully apply its capabilities in areas such as propeller and turbine design, structural analysis, advanced materials, aerodynamics, instrumentation and power system control to the design of wind energy systems. During the 1970’s and ’80s, a total of 13 experimental wind turbines were put into operation including four major wind turbine designs. This program pioneered many of the multimegawatt turbine technologies including steel tube towers, variable-speed generators, composite blade materials, and high lift-to-drag airfoils. In addition, key engineering analysis, design and measurement capabilities were developed such as models for aerodynamic performance, structural dynamics, fatigue life, wind measurement and acoustics. The outstanding success of wind energy can be seen today in the growth of the installed power capacity”.In the current update Editor K.R. Rao contributed in section 1.8 of this chapter “NASA Developments, Potential, and Bibliography Since 2011”. Since 2011 Wind energy has been extensively investigated and researched by NASA and cited in many publications covering power generation cited in this section. NASA has been extremely active not only in space exploration for which it is primarily meant but also espousing its efficacy for human hub- citation by disseminating valuable imagery of wind energy for the current and future urban and regional habitations around the world. Figures 1.33 to 1.37 demonstrate the satellite depiction from the outer space of wind energy around the entire globe. Wind power in USA was largely augmented by NASA’s innovative efforts as documented by Dr. Viterina in the original compilation of chapter 6 of classic publication “Energy and Power Generation Handbook -- Established and Emerging Technologies”, edited by K.R. Rao and published by ASME in 2011. This update provides additional contributions of NASA since the publication of Viterna’s chapter in 2011. Dr. Rao covered Wind Developments Around the Globe by NASA; Potential Wind Capacity in the US 48 Contiguous States; Community-Scale 50-m Wind Maps; Residential-Scale 30-m Wind Maps; Implementation of Residential Wind Towers; Offshore Wind Resource Potential; Installed Wind Capacity as of 2015; Proposed Wind Energy Project Offshore North Carolina; Proposed Wind Projects in the US; Potential Wind Capacity; Wind Generation Developments of NASA since 2010; Capturing Airborne Wind; NASA WorldWind Efforts; Monthly Mean Wind and 10m Wind Speed; and conclusions.Dr. K.R. Rao, the editor of the current publication, updated this chapter due to the nonavailability of Dr. Peter Viterna to update his original contribution of the 2011 Handbook. As a follow-up of original chapter 6 by Dr. Viterna covering NASA’s contributions of Wind Energy in ASME Energy and Power Generation Handbook [1], NASA’s contribution for wind energy since 2010 had been captured by Dr. Rao in the current update. Dr. Viterna was a NASA Researcher whose innovation advanced the entire wind energy industry. Despite the advances made by the NASA-led program, there were still significant challenges. Wind turbines, especially in high-wind conditions, can routinely stall, limiting the ability of the turbine to produce electricity. The inability to properly predict stall behavior led to inefficient designs and costly turbine failures. “A Pair of Surprises” were what Viterna developed in a model that took into account three-dimensional effects and predicted stall behavior with far greater accuracy than previous methods, improv- ing wind turbine performance. The model was not well accepted by colleagues in the wind energy field, Dr. Viterna remembers. “I almost got laughed off the stage when I presented it,” he says Dr. Viterna, however, continued to employ the model for NASA’s purposes, even using it to improve Glenn’s Icing Research Tunnel, designed to study the effects of ice buildup on aircraft. During a nighttime test, the wind tunnel’s pressure release door flew open, sending 400-mph winds ripping through the adjoining work area. This surprised Viterna’s coworkers and colleagues inventing this model. He discovered that this initially criticized model had, within a decade of its creation, quietly become the established method of modeling the performance of wind turbine airfoils in stall condi- tions. “A Method for Success” was what is in the “Viterna Method” which is now routinely used by research institutions and turbine manufacturers alike in the design and certification of modern wind turbines. “The model makes it possible for manufacturers to predict and characterize the performance of airfoils for these turbines,” says Paul Gray a turbine developer Aerostar Inc. The method is even used for finding applications beyond horizontal wind tur- bines; Viterna’ once-mocked model is now employed for vertical wind turbines, wind tunnels, and underwater turbines that make use of tidal energy to produce power. The Agency can also expect to see a resurgence of its early work, predicts Sandy Butterfield, wind program chief engineer at the National Wind Technology Center. “As the industry moves forward and becomes more competitive, you will see efforts to explore lower cost, more structurally efficient machines, and that’s when people will begin to capitalize again on that good work NASA did in the early 1970s and 1980s,” he says. That is good news for the advancement of alternative energy, and for the dedicated researchers at Glenn, so long as this does not involve another office being destroyed. Information about this NASA spinoff is in the original article from “Spinoff 2009”, see the three figures 1.58, 1.59 and 1.60 all which are attributed to Viterna. Dr. Rao updated Dr. Viterna’s chapter with 4 tables, 30 figures, 53 footnotes and 2 references.Chapter 7 of the 2011 Handbook was authored by Jose Zayas who addressed “Scope of Wind Energy Generation Technologies”. Jose Zayas noted the progress of Wind Energy since the early days through time of his contribution in 2011 during which time Wind Energy in the United States has achieved large market installations and continued market acceptance. Through the 3rd quarter of 2010, the United States has approximately 37,000 MW of installed capacity, which represents 2% of the US energy consumption. Since the beginning, Sandia National Laboratories has had a key role in developing innovations in areas such as aerodynamics, materials, design tools, rotor concepts, manufacturing, and sensors, and today, through continued partnerships with industry, academia, and other national labs, Sandia continues to develop and deliver the next set of technology options that will continue to improve the reliability and efficiency of wind systems. It is difficult to predict what the next generation of technologies will bring to this industry, but it continues to mature and leverage technologies from other sectors, the resulting turbines will be smarter, more efficient, and they will represent a significant percentage of the US Energy Mix. the author uses 11 references along with 37 schematics, figures, and pictures to augment the professional and scholastic treatment of the subject.Dr. K.R. Rao, the Editor of the current publication, updated this chapter in Section 2.7, due to the nonavailability of Jose Zayas to update his original contribution in the 2011 Handbook [1]. Dr. Rao in section 2.7 covers the Scope of Wind Energy Generation Technologies since 2011, the earlier period was covered in “Scope of Wind Energy Generation Technologies” by Jose Zayas in “Energy and Power Generation Handbook- Established and Emerging Technologies” edited by K. R. Rao published by ASME, 2011 [1]. The content of Jose Zayas’s initial contribution is retained in its entirety since the textual content has relevance even today after two decades after the initial publication in 2011. This section 2.7 has four parts: 2.7.2 dealing with the Next Generation Issues of Wind Energy”; 2.7.3 covers “Next Generation – Analysis”; 2.7.4 addresses “Wind Vision”; 2.7.5 “Wind Map” and lastly 2.7.6 ends with a Conclusion. In 2 7.2 discussion starts with topics which impacted Wind Energy Generation since 2010 to-date, which are issues with impact on next generation issues. The topics are “Bigger the Better”, “Hub Height”; “Rotor Diameter”; “Inverters”; “Life Extension and Recycling”; “Circular Economy”; “Name Plate Capacity”; “Transportation Challenges”; “Artificial Intelligence” and “Hybrid” related issues. In 2.7.3 coverage starts with “Market Analysis -On Land”; “Market Analysis - Offshore”; “Dis- tributed Wind”; “Grid Integration”; “Environmental Aspects of Wind Turbine Siting”; “Cyber Security”; “Digital Related Issues”; “High Fidelity – HPC & HPM”; “Compressible and Incompressible flow models” and finally “Nonlinear Structural Flows”. Section 2.7.4 picks up information in “Wind Vision” contributed by Jose Zayas as director Wind & Water Technology Office; Section 2.7.5 elaborates the Department of Energies (DOE’s) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy’s Energy Innovation Portal and WETO Projects Wind Map; and finally in 2.7.6 a conclusion is provided elaborating the points discussed in this section and summarizing what the future of wind energy as contemplated by US DOE and NREL. K.R. Rao contributed this update based on his ’on-line research’ and findings from his Classic “Wind Energy for Power Generation - Meeting The Challenge of Practical Implementation” Published by Springer in two volumes in 2019. This update also picks up the essence of a report “WIND VISION - New Era for Wind Power in the United States”, by Jose Zayas who was Director, Wind and Water Power Technologies Office U.S. Department of Energy. “WIND VISION - New Era for Wind Power in the United States” dated March 12, 2015. Wind Vison was a collaborative effort of “several hundred stake holders and individuals across the agency, industry, academia, and national labs for their strategic interest in a renewed vision for wind energy”, which was a significant comprehensive contribution for Wind Energy Development. The essence of this report has been captured by K. R. Rao spread over in several sections of this current chapter update. Readers are urged to refer to the “Wind Vison” report to capture the message about the growth of the wind energy during the past decade and for the future up to 2050. Dr. Rao updated Jose Zayas chapter with 5 tables, 25 figures, 110 footnotes and 2 references.Thomas Baldwin and Gary Seifert cover “Wind Energy in the U.S.” in Chapter 8 of 2011 Handbook [1] which is retained as Chapter 3 in the current publication. Thomas Baldwin and Gary Seifert used 34 references along with 26 schematics, figures, pictures, and tables to augment the professional and scholastic treatment of the subject. In the 1970s and 1980s, wind turbines were clustered into wind farms and connected to the electric grid in California, which marked the first commercial, utility-scale use of wind energy. The size of those wind turbines was 100 kW and smaller. In the following decades, wind turbine technology progressed quickly, and by 2010, grid-connected wind turbines were typically in the 2-MW range and turbines as large as 6-MW have been deployed. The potential energy in wind is determined as a function of the cube of speed. Given the cubic relationship between power and wind speed when wind speed doubles there is eight times more power available. In 2009, wind supplied about 1.8% of the electricity in the United States. Wind power currently provides more than 20% of the electricity distributed in northern Spain and in Denmark. A goal is to increase wind generation in the United States to 20% by 2030. Utility transmission lines carry wind-generated electricity from vast and sparsely populated areas where the wind is most abundant, like the Great Plains, to large cities where demand for electricity is high. At the moment, there is insufficient transmission infrastructure connecting the windiest parts of the country with large cities. Enhancing the transmission line power capacity for utility-scale wind plants is a key issue that must be resolved in the coming years. Most regions of the United States are served by “power pools” of utilities that join together to generate electricity and transmit it to where it is needed. The name “power pool” is descriptive of the electric power coming from many different sources (a coal-fired power plant, a hydro plant, and others) flows into a “pool” from which it is distributed to thousands of end users. A power pool can easily absorb the elec- tric power from a wind plant and add to it the generation mix- ture up to a penetration level of around 20%. Wind penetration greater than 20% requires advancements in transmission capacity, forecasting accuracy, and energy storage as addressed in the Wind Energy Research section. Wind plants could be installed in many locations, providing income, jobs, and electricity for homes and businesses. Wind farms and plants can also revitalize the economy of rural communities, providing steady income through lease or royalty payments to farmers and other landowners. Although leasing arrangements can vary widely, in 2010, a reasonable estimate for income to a landowner from a single utility-scale turbine was ap- proximately $4,000 a year, depending on the wind resource, the size of the turbine, and other factors. For a typical farm, income from wind comes with little interruption in farming activities with about one acre removed from agricultural production per turbine. Farmers can grow crops or raise livestock next to the towers. While wind farms may extend over a large geographical area, their actual “footprint” covers only a very small portion of the land, making wind development a cooperative way for farmers to earn additional income. WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGIES have been covered by the authors in the initial chapter.The original authors of chapter 8 that appeared in the “Energy and Power Generation Handbook” published by ASME in 2011 [1] were invited to provide an update for their contributions of the original publication of 2011. It is quite understandable that they were unavailable for updating their original contribution since over a period of a decade their jobs may have taken different directions and their professional interests had shifted to newer and different avenues. Given that perspective and that they were unavailable for the current publication, Dr. K. R. Rao, editor-in-charge of this Renewable Energy Series decided to provide the update reflecting the present scenario of the subject addressed by Thomas Baldwin and Gary Seifert in Chapter 8 titled “WIND ENERGY IN THE U.S”. Dr. KR Rao with his classic 2-volume book, nearly 2,000 pages on “Wind Energy for Power Generation- Meeting The Challenge of Practical Implementation” published by Springer in 2019 [2] makes him credible to provide the update for Baldwin/ Seifert Chapter. This chapter update has been renumbered as chapter 3 in the current publication. Most of the content and graphics including references of the original Baldwin / Seifert effort have been retained by the editor considering they are still germane for addressing the subject matter, even today. However, considering several advances which have occurred over a period of one decade, editor who provided this update retained the topical outline which is still pertinent today as initially published and the updates are provided against each of the topics mentioned in the 2011, ASME Publication [1]. Wind power in the United States has expanded rapidly over the past few decades, and January through December 2020, 337.5 terawatt-hours were generated by wind power, or 8.42% of all generated electrical energy in the United States. In 2019, wind power surpassed hydroelectric power as the largest renewable energy source generated in the U.S. As of January 2021, the total installed wind power nameplate generating capacity in the United States was 122,478 megawatts (MW). This capacity is exceeded only by China and the European Union. Thus far, wind power’s largest growth in capacity was in 2020, when 16,913 MW of wind power was installed and surpassed by leaps and bounds what was achieved in 2012, which saw the addition of 11,895 MW, representing 26.5% of the new power capacity installed during that year. By September 2019, 19 states had over 1,000 MW of installed capacity with 5 states (Texas, Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, and California) generating over half of all wind energy in the nation. Texas, with 28,843 MW of capacity, about 16.8% of the state’s electricity usage, had the most installed wind power capacity of any U.S. state at the end of 2019. The state generating the highest percentage of energy from wind power is Iowa at over 57% of total energy production, while North Dakota has the most per capita wind generation. The Alta Wind Energy Center in California is the largest wind farm in the United States with a capacity of 1,548 MW. GE Power is the largest domestic wind turbine manufacturer. In this update closely following the topical outline of the original authors this coverage in Section 3.15 “Scope of Wind Energy in the US Since 2011”, after a brief introduction in section 3.15.1 has in the following sections in section 3.15.2 Wind Turbine Technologies, in 3.15.3 Wind Resources in The U.S., in section 3.15.4 covers Wind Plant Economics, in section 3.15.5 addresses Technical Issues, in section 3.15.6 coverage is Environmental Issues, in section 3.15.7 Radar Impacts, in section 3.15.8 Local Impacts, in section 3.15.9 Addressing Needs For Wind To Reach Its Full Potential In The U.S., in section 3.15.10, Wind Farm Development, in section 3.15.11 Wind Resource Assessment, in section 3.15.12 Materials Required for The Land-Based Wind Turbine Industry, and a conclusion in 3.15.13. The sum up of this chapter update states wind capacity additions continued at a robust pace during the past decade. Wind power has been a significant source of new electric generation capacity in the US in recent years. Supply chain is diverse and multifaceted, with strong domestic content for nacelle assembly, towers and blades. Turbine scaling is significantly boosting wind project performances, while the installed cost of wind projects has declined. Wind power sales prices and levelized cost of energy are at all-time lows, enabling economic competitiveness despite low gas prices. Growth beyond current cycle remains uncertain and could be blunted by declining federal tax support, expectations for low natural gas prices and solar costs, and mod- est electricity demand growth. The outlook for future wind energy growth will depend upon phaseout of federal tax incentives; continued low natural gas and wholesale electricity prices; potential decline in market value as wind penetration increases; modest electricity demand growth; limited near-term demand based on state policies; and finally growing competition from solar in some regions. Dr. Rao updated Baldwin & Seifert chapter with 4 tables, 37 figures, 82 footnotes and 2 references.Chapter 9 “Wind Energy Research in The Netherlands” by Dr. Peter Eecen was published in the 2011 Handbook [1]. Since Dr. Peter Eecen was unavailable to update his original write-up Editor Dr. K. R. Rao with his credentials as author of the classic 2-vol-ume 2,000 page book on “Wind Energy for Power Generation- Meeting The Challenge of Practical Implementation” published by Springer in 2019 [2] is credible to up-date this chapter. In the current book it is renumbered as chapter 4 in which the original write-up is retained in “to-to” since it is still applicable for the current times, as well. The essence of Dr. Peter Eecen’s original introduction as it appeared in the 2011 Handbook is retained in this introduction. The research in wind energy is concentrated at the wind energy department of the Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, ECN and the interfaculty wind energy department DUWIND at Delft University of Technology. Both institutes have been involved in wind energy research from the start in the 1970s and closely match their research programs. In the Netherlands, the wind energy research is supported by an extensive experimental infrastructure. Interest in the application of modern wind energy grew in the Netherlands in the 1970s when the limit of fossil fuels became clear. The current wind energy research and associated industrial activities are taking place in an international context, mostly the European context, therefore the research activities not only take account of the long-term energy research program of the Dutch government, such as the long-term energy research pro-gram, but also of the R&D priorities defined in the international context, such as the Strategic Research Agenda (SRA) of the wind energy sector. The three wind energy research organizations are well represented in international bodies such as European Wind Energy Association (EWEA), European Academy of Wind Energy (EAWE), International Energy Agency (IEA), International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), International Network for Harmonized and Recognized Measurements in Wind Energy (MEAS-NET), European Wind Energy Technology Platform (TPWind) and the European Energy Research Alliance (EERA). Several of wind energy programs with technical details have been documented in Chapter 9 by Eecen and are retained in chapter4 of the current publication. This Chapter 9 by Peter Eecen describes the developments within the Netherlands with regard to the wind energy research since funding by the National Wind Energy Research Program during 1976 to 1985. Wind energy research activities in the Netherlands have been predominantly performed at the Wind Energy Department of The Energy Research Centre of the Nether-lands (ECN) and the interfaculty wind energy department Duwind at Delft University of Technology. Both institutes are involved in wind energy research since the start of the modern wind turbines. These institutes match their research programs with each other so that a consistent research program in the Netherlands is in place. In the Netherlands the wind energy research is supported by an extensive experimental infrastructure at The Knowledge Centre WMC with is a research institute for materials, components, and structures performing blade tests for large wind turbines up to 60 m in length. ECN has a research wind farm where prototype wind turbines are tested with five full-scale turbines research activities The wind farm research include aerodynamics of wind with a large selection of experimental facilities for wind energy applications. The most prominent facilities are the wind tunnels, of which the open Jet facility is the most recent addition. A historic overview of the wind energy research activities in the Netherlands is written from the perspective of the research community and provides alter- native insights with a focus on the implementation of wind energy and the development of support mechanisms. The description of research activities, the developed advanced design tools, developed knowledge, and intellectual property provide an alternative source for further activities to reduce the cost of energy of wind power. Dr. Eecen used 22 references along with ten schematics, figures, pictures, and tables to augment the professional and scholastic treatment of the subject.“Wind Energy in Netherlands” documented in Chapter 9 by Eecen in the ASME’s 2011 classic publication “Energy and Power Generation Handbook - Established and Emerging Technologies” edited by K. R. Rao [1], has been updated by Editor-in-Chief of the current Renewable Energy Series, K. R. Rao. This update “WIND ENERGY IN THE NETHERLANDS Since 2011 – INTRODUCTION” has been provided in section 4.10 and follows the same topical outline initially contributed by Eecen in the 2011 publica- tion. Eecen with his professional and scholastic expertise provided information which is applicable even to-day, however the topical discussions covering what happened since 2011 to date need to be up-dated. Even though the topics are retained as much as possible, a continuation of the same is not appropriate. Thus, discussions are as applicable for the topics listed in this update and cannot be attributed do the original write-up of Eecen. All of the material in this update is from information available in the online public domain and is documented in the footnotes pertinent to the dis- cussions. Material in this update can be easily researched from the footnotes provided and readers have an opportunity to even look up to the latest positions of the topic at the time of browsing the manuscript. As of October 2020, wind power in the Netherlands has an installed capacity of 4,990 MW, 19% of which is based off- shore. In 2019, the wind turbines provided the country with 12% of its electricity demand during the year. The Netherlands reached an Energy Agreement for Sustainable Growth for offshore wind turbines to supply 3.3% of the Netherlands’ total energy needs. The Coalition Agreement and the Climate Agreement (2019) include a commitment to continue the successful offshore wind energy pol- icy. This results in a total offshore wind power capacity of 11 GW by 2030, which is enough to supply 8.5% of all the energy in the Netherlands. The total installed capacity of offshore wind power in the Netherlands is around 2.5 gigawatts (GW) in 2021 and targets to increase to at least 4.5 GW by 2023 which is enshrined in the Energy Agreement for Sustainable Growth.The Netherlands is working on a transition to a sustainable, reliable, and affordable energy supply. The Netherlands wind energy market is expected to grow at more than 9.5% during the forecast period 2020-2025. Wind energy in the Netherlands powers about 5.7 million homes and cuts the CO2 footprint of elec- tricity by 12%. The Netherlands is expected to build the world’s largest offshore wind farm by 2027, along with a 2.3-square- mile artificial island to support it. The wind farm is expected to be capable of producing 30 GW of power. Onshore farms in The Netherland’s wind farms made up 80% of the new installations with 11.8 GW. This was 22% lower than the government’s pre-COVID forecast. The Netherlands installed the most wind power capacity in 2020 (1.98 GW), 75% of that was offshore wind. The Netherlands installed the most wind capacity use due to strong offshore additions. Offshore wind made up 20% of new installations in Europe with 2.9 GW of new capacity connected to the grid in 2020 of which The Netherlands installed half of that capacity. Offshore installations were driven by the completion of the Borssele Wind Farm zones, the three wind farms were awarded to different consortia in 2016 and 2017. 220 GW of wind power capacity are now installed in Europe, 11% of this figure is off- shore, and Netherlands has 5 GW. In the Netherlands an increase of 1.6 GW of wind energy installations are expected in 2021. In 2021-2025 new onshore wind installations in The Netherlands will be 20 GW. According to Realistic Expectations Scenario, between 2021 and 2025, offshore installations in The Netherlands were 4.4 GW. In cumulative terms of total capacity, Europe would reach 318 GW of installed capacity by the end of 2025 of which The Netherlands will be above the 10 GW. The update has been covered in Section 4.10 “WIND ENERGY IN THE NETHERLANDS – INTRODUCTION”, with several discussions contained in this section sequentially in section 4.10.1 “Wind Energy in The Netherlands Since 2011”covering in sections 4.10.1.1 Upwind, 4.10.1.2 Smart Rotors, 4.10.1.3 Delft University of Technology (DU) Airfoil Concepts followed by sec- tion 4.10.2 RESEARCH CENTERS and PROGRAMS IN THE NETHERLANDS SINCE 2011 which contain in sections 4.10.2.1 ECN (Energy Research Center, The Netherlands), 4.10.2.2 WMC (Knowledge Center), 4.10.2.3 Blade Testing and Material Research at WMC, 4.10.2.4 An Advanced Method for Wind Turbine Wake Modeling, 4.10.2.5 DUWIND, DELFT NL, 4.10.2.6 Environmen- tal Research Impacting Urban Areas 4.10.2.7 European Wind Atlas and the Netherlands Wind Energy Research 4.10.2.8 Netherlands Wind Energy Association (NWEA) Research Policy Plan, and in section 4.10.3 PROGRAMS and PROGRESS of WIND ENERGY IN NETHERLANDS SINCE 2011 with sections 4.10.3.1 RWE, NL Wind Turbines on Dutch Dams, 4.10.3.2 Infrastructure for Wind Energy in The Netherland, 4.10.3.3 Trains by Wind Power in The Netherland, 4.10.3.4, The German-Dutch Wind Tunnels DNW, 4.10.3.5 Recent Developments of Wind Farm Design Recent Developments of Offshore Wind Farm Design, Climate Control in Netherlands with Impact on Wind Energy and in Section 4.10.4 SUMMARY with 4.10.4.1 addressing Wind Farms in Netherlands During 2020-through-2026, and in 4.10.4.2 Futuristic Wind Farms in Netherlands. In section 4.10.4.2 “Futuristic Wind Farms in Netherlands” update covers The Netherlands wind energy market - growth, trends, Covid-19 impact, and forecasts (2021 - 2026), which have been studied with 2020 as the base year for the study. The Netherlands is working on a transition to a sustainable, reliable, and affordable energy supply. The Netherlands wind energy market is expected to grow at a CAGR of more than 9.5% during the forecast period 2020-2025. Wind energy in the Netherlands powers about 5.7 million homes and also cuts the CO2 footprint of electricity by 12%. Factors like increasing demand for renewable energy, rising investments in wind farms, and reducing CO2 emissions are driving the wind energy market in the country. Offshore wind is expected to witness significant growth in the wind energy market in the Netherlands during the forecast period. The Netherlands has an overly ambitious renewable-energy plan in the works. The country is expected to build the world’s largest offshore wind farm by 2027, along with a 2.3-square-mile artificial island to support it. The wind farm is expected to be capable of producing 30 GW of power, which is likely to provide an opportunity to a growth in the deployment of wind energy in coming future. The Netherlands is making strides toward the country’s renewable energy targets i.e., 16% renewable energy sources (RES) by 2023 of total energy demand. The factors like shallow waters, good wind resources, good harbor facilities, experienced industry, and a robust support system are driving the offshore wind energy market. The active offshore wind farms in the North Sea are Gemini (600 MW), Luchterduinen (129 MW), Prinses Amalia (120 MW), and Egmond aan Zee (OWEZ) (108 MW). Offshore wind farms which are in the Dutch part of the North Sea. The upcoming offshore wind farm zones for the 3,500 MW new offshore wind capacity are Borssele (1,400 MW), South Holland coast wind farm zone (1,400 MW) and North Holland coast wind farm zone (700 MW). Netherlands had 4463 MW of wind energy installed in 2019 and the wind-generated electricity in Netherlands accounted for 10.5 TWh in 2018. Key players in The Netherlands wind energy market include ENERCON GmbH, Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy SA, Mit- subishi Corp, General Electric Company, and Lagerwey Wind BV. The notable features for the foreseeable future for wind energy are Airborne Wind Energy, Offshore Floating Concepts, Smart Rotors, Wind Induced Energy-Harvesting Devices, Blade Tip-Mounted Rotors, Unconventional Power Transmission Systems, Multi-Ro- tor Turbines, Alternative Support Structures, Modular High Volt- age Direct Current Generators, Innovative Blade Manufacturing Techniques, and Diffuser-Augmented Turbines, and Small Tur- bine Technologies. The optimization of floating offshore wind platforms are through the integrated design of the platform and the wind turbine, including downwind rotors, high tip speed ratio operation and two bladed rotors. These could have an impact on the cost of the platform and the whole floating system. Dr. Rao updated Dr. Eecen’s chapter with 7 tables, 36 figures, 134 foot- notes and 2 references.In the current publication the sole author from the original ASME Classical 2011 Handbook is Mr. Ramesh Muthya to whom the Editor Dr. K. R. Rao expresses his immense appreciation for participating in this publication in spite of Mr. Muthya’s sev- eral professional consulting services, (see his Bio). Mr. Ramesh Muthya authored the last chapter of Section II covering Wind Energy in the 2011 Handbook [1]. Mr. Ramesh Muthya covered in Chapter 8 “Role of Wind Energy Technology in India and Neigh- boring Countries”. Mr. Ramesh Muthya with his long association with the field has treated the subject of wind energy development as a source of power in the Indian sub-continent with a thorough understanding of development cycle. India engaged on wind power as early as the late 1950s but was mostly for nonelectric applications. Origins of usage of wind for grid connection started only in the mid-1980s with few small turbines installed at known windy areas. Approach to resource development in India was approached cautiously except for a few biogas plants. China had also during that time frame been slow in taking to large-scale development in renewable energy. In 2007 China claimed about 4 GW of wind power installations and by 2009, the installations touched an astounding 26 GW, with scores of companies undertaking development on a war footing. A spate of wind turbine designs had been developed, and prototypes are being built and tested. Sri Lanka hasgood wind resource however it cannot be expected to reach the market size potential that India or China have reached. Ramesh Muthya had attempted to capture some of the salient aspects of Wind Energy Technology Development and deployment in India in the context of power supply systems management. The author uses 14 references along with 16 schematics, figures, pictures, and tables to augment the professional and scholastic treatment of the subject. Mr. Muthya in the current contribution stated that the expectations for the next decade onshore wind power in Asia would follow the trends of West. New ways of handling the vari- able nature of the wind power availability will cease to be an issue with the grid managers. Infrastructure development although will continue to be a source of concern, increased revenue allocation will be made for wind power development. In a country like India grid extension will need considerable effort and time because of right of way issues and network congestion which at certain times could adversely affect the stability of grid. The engineering prob- lems associated with such issues have solutions and India as well as rest of the world are grappling with such issues. This field being highly capital intensive, it will face financing problems to make it viable. It can only be assumed that increased cost of energy would result in making wind more attractive. Forecasting for wind power has caught imagination of the grid managers and in India there is a commercial and policy push to target increase in wind energy potential. Mr. Ramesh Muthya updated his earlier 2011 submission with 6 tables and 10 figures.Perhaps the most interesting chapter of this book is authored in the last Chapter 6 by Dr. Weifei Hu titled “Artificial Intelli- gence in Wind Energy” which dwells on a futuristic aspect of wind energy, perhaps still in the exploratory stage. Despite the increasing development of wind energy (WE) which has notably become the leading renewable energy now, there are still persistent barriers to wider implementation related to technology, cost, and environ- mental and social impacts, e.g., super large-scale (≥10 megawatt) wind turbine (WT) technology, wind turbine deployment at low wind speed and/or residential- closed areas, and offshore wind farm under severe wind-wave conditions. As one of the emerging technologies, artificial intelligence (AI) could take some of these challenges and assist in achieving the goal of further lowering the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) from wind. Dr. Hu discusses these issues with the help of bibliographical references, schematics and scholastic equations. Recently AI has been tremendously investigated in an extremely wide range from financial data analytics and industrial production design to novel biometric and forensic applications and various renewable energy development. This chapter will provides the fundamental theories of four categories of state-of-the-art AI methods including (i) neural learning meth- ods, (ii) statistical learning methods, (iii) evolutionary learn- ing methods, and (iv) hybrid learning methods in a lucid way, then carry out a comprehensive survey of various AI meth- ods used in WE including (i) wind speed prediction, (ii) wind power estimation, (iii) wind turbine condition monitoring and diagnosis, (iv) wind turbine systems design, and (v) wind farm operation and maintenance. In addition, realistic case studies of AI in WE are also explained along with results and discussion replete with details. Concluding remarks summarize some research goals of AI in WE, for example, accurate WE fore- casting, optimal WE efficiency and improved WE accessibility. The significant development of WE brings challenges, e.g., exploring new available wind resources on land and offshore, design- ing reliable and cost-effective titanic WTs (e.g., 10 MW WTs), and developing new monitoring approaches that can reduce the opera- tional and maintenance (O&M) cost. Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, emerging from computer science, are becoming promising tools to overcome these challenges and boosting the further development of WE. AI is a kind of intelligence demonstrated by machines in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans. It has been performing more complex tasks than straightforward automation in different domains and applications, such as robotics, cyber-physical systems, and renewable energy. It consists of many branches including artificial neural network (ANN), genetic algorithm (GA), expert system (ES), fuzzy logic (FL), and various hybrid systems, which are combinations of two or more of the branches, to produce efficient and effective computing solutions. Even though some current AI tech- niques still require interaction with human intelligence, the appro- priate use of AI techniques leads to smart systems with improved performance that cannot be achieved by traditional methods. A large number of AI techniques have been proposed and applied in WE. This chapter distinguishes various AI techniques into four categories, neural learning methods, statistical learning methods, evolutionary learning methods, and hybrid learning methods, which are further separated into different specific AI methods as explained in Section 6.2. Section 6.3 provides surveys of various AI methods used in WE are focusing on wind speed prediction, wind power prediction, WT design and optimization, and WT condition monitoring (WTCM). Concluding remarks are provided in Section 6.4. This chapter aims to offer non-exhaustive surveys due to the extremely wide topic (the combination of AI and WE) and present readers an overall but clear picture of AI in WE. The content of chapter 6 weaving through Intro- duction in 6.1,to section 6.2 deals with Wind Energy, then Section deals with Artificial Intelligence, 6.4 with Artificial Intelligence in Wind Energy, section 6.5 with the “Theories of State-of-the-art Artificial Intelligence”, Section 6.2 with “Neural Learning Methods”, Section 6.3 covers “Statistical Learning Methods”, Section 6.4 covers “Evolutionary Learning Methods” and 6.2.4 “Hybrid Learning Methods”, Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Wind Energy, Wind Speed Prediction, Wind Power Estimation, Wind Turbine Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis, Wind Turbine Systems Design, Wind Farm Operation and Maintenance and the author provides conclusions summarizing his research with Acknowledgments, Acronyms and References. Dr. Hu’s contribution had 3 tables, 5 figures, 8 equations and 100 references.Update contained in this book is rich with 28 tables, 143 figures, 379 footnotes, 8 equations and 102 references, in addition to several of the tables, figures and references of 2011 Handbook [1]. This provides the readers in addition to consulting scripts of the professional write-up of initial authors, immense scholastic and professional material for the readers to use.1. Energy and Power Generation Handbook - Established and Emerging Technologies, edited by K. R. Rao, ASME Press, New York, 2011.2. Wind Energy for Power Generation - Meeting the Challenge of Practical Implementation by K. R. Rao, Volumes 1 &2, This Springer book is published by Springer International Publishing AG part of Springer Nature, Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland.
© 2022, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, shall not be responsible for statements or opinions advanced in papers or... printed in its publications (B7.1.3). Statement from the Bylaws. For authorization to photocopy material for internal or personal use under those circumstances not falling within the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act, contact the Copyright Clearance Center(CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923.Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Control Number: 2022936849ISBN: 978-0-7918-8572-7CONTENTSDedication viiAcknowledgements ixContributor Biographies xiPreface xvIntroduction xvii1 Role of Nasa in Wind EnergyLarry A. Viterna and K. R. Rao1.1 Introduction 11.2 Wind Energy 11.3 Conclusions 61.4 Acknowledgments 71.5 Acronyms 71.6 References 71.7 Nasa Developments, Potential And Bibliography Since 2010 92 Scope of Wind Energy Generation TechnologiesJose Zayas and K. R. Rao2.1 Introduction: Wind Energy Trend and Current Status 272.2 Sandia’s History In Wind Energy 282.3 Snl’s Transition To Hawt’s In The Mid 1990S 312.4 Moving Forward: State Of The Industry 342.5 Future Trends 422.6 Conclusion 472.7 Acronyms 482.8 References 482.9 Scope Of Wind Energy Generation Technologies Since 2011 483 Wind Energy in The U.S. 69Thomas Baldwin, Gary Seifert and K. R. Rao3.1 Introduction 693.2 Wind Turbine Technologies 703.3 Wind Resources In The U.S. 703.4 Wind Plant Economics 743.5 Technical Issues 763.6 Environmental Issues 763.7 Radar Impacts 773.8 Local Impacts 783.9 Addressing Needs For Wind To Reach Its Full Potential In The U.S. 783.10 Wind Farm Development 803.11 Wind Resource Assessment 803.12 Wind Farm Design 853.13 Wind Energy Research 783.14 Acronyms 903.15 References 913.16 cope of Wind Energy in the US Since 2011 914 Wind Energy Research in the Netherlands 119Peter Eecen and K. R. Rao4.1 Introduction 1194.2 Wind Energy In The Netherlands 1194.3 Historic View To 1990 1204.4 Historic View 1990 To 2000 1214.6 Research Programs 1264.7 Experimental Research Infrastructure In The Netherlands 1294.8 Summary 1334.9 Acronyms And Internet 1344.10 References 1344.11 Wind Energy In The Netherlands Since 2011-Introduction 1345 Role of Wind Energy Technology in India and Neighboring Countries 169Ramesh Muthya5.1 Introduction 169 5.2 India 1705.3 China 173 5.4 Sri Lank 1755.5 Pakistan 1775.6 Summary And Conclusions 1795.7 Acronyms 1795.8 References 1796 Artificial Intelligence in Wind Energy 181Weifei Hu6.1 Introduction 1816.2 Fundamentals of State-of-the-art AI 1816.3 Applications of AI in WE 1856.4 Conclusions 1896.5 Abbreviations 1896.6 Acknowledgements 1896.7 References 189
Index 193
PREFACERenewable Energy has emerged as an important source for energy and power generation from renewable resources, naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, hydro including tides and waves, geothermal heat, and from traditional and modern biomass. Worldwide investments in renewable energy are surpassing expectations, significantly in Europe (Germany and Spain), the US, in Asia (China and India) and in Australia.Energy, and Power Generation Handbook: Established and Emerging Technologies, edited by K.R. Rao, and published by ASME Press in 2011 was a comprehensive reference work of 32 chapters authored by 53 expert contributors from around the world, with the authors drawn from different specialties, each an expert in the respective field and with several decades of professional expertise and scores of technical publications. Recognizing the need of treating Renewable Energy and Power Generation as a separate field ASME Press initiated “Renewable Energy Series” to address each entity of Renewable Energy in a separate book, revising pertinent chapters of the 2011 Handbook and bringing the coverage up to date.This book is the third in a series of renewable energy topical books and addresses WIND ENERGY APPLICATIONS to update chapters 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 of the 2011 Handbook in which Wind Energy has been covered in chapters 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively, in this third book of the Renewable Energy Series. In addition, a new chapter numbered Chapter 6 covering “Artificial Intelligence in Wind Energy” is presented by Weiwei Hu. Due to various reasons ranging from changing interests, change of jobs and due to lack of interest after a lapse of a decade since the publication of original book, initial authors of original chapters 6, 7, 8 and 9 were unavailable for the current effort.Dr. K.R. Rao, who was successful in his 2019 Springer Publication covering “Wind Energy for Power Generation - Meeting the Challenge of Practical Implementation” in two volumes and nearly two thousand pages decided to update chapters 6, 7, 8 and 9 with his knowledge and acumen to update these chapters.Mr. Ramesh Muthya with his decades of experience in Wind Power Generation in India continues to update Chapter 10 titled “Role of Wind Energy Technology in India and Neighboring Countries”, which was authored by him in the 2011 Handbook.This book is meant to cover the technical discussions relating to Wind Energy source as well as why(s) and wherefore(s) of power generation. A unique aspect of this update is the scholarly discussions and nearly 400 footnotes and 102 references enabling the reader to make “value judgments” regarding wind energy technology. This book has the end user in view from the very beginning to the end. The audience targeted by this publication not only includes libraries, universities for use in their curriculum, utilities, consultants, and regulators, but is also meant to include ASME’s global community. ASME’s strategic plan includes Energy Technology as a priority.This book could be of immense use to those looking beyond the conventional discussions contained in similar books that provide the “cost benefit” rationale. Instead of picturing a static view, the contributors portray a futuristic perspective in their depictions, even considering the realities beyond the realm of socio-economic parameters to ramifications of the political climate. These discussions will captivate advocacy planners of global warming and energy conservation. University libraries, the “public-at-large,” economists looking for technological answers, practicing engineers who are looking for greener pastures in pursuing their professions, young engineers who are scrutinizing job alternatives, and engineers caught in a limited vision of energy and power generation will find this book informative.From the update provided by Dr. K.R. Rao in the footnotes of chapters 6, 7, 8 and 9 from public domain, textbook publications, scholastic literature, professional societies and Governmental publications of Task Forces and Special Study Groups, and ASME’s Technical Publications that deal with renewable energy sources including Wind Energy Exploration. This publication will be especially useful for ASME members across most of the Technical Divisions, Associations of the European Union dealing with Wind Energy and Research Laboratories engaged with Wind Energy and Power Generation.INTRODUCTIONIn the current third book of the Renewable Energy Series pub-lashed by ASME Press and edited by Dr. K.R. Rao, chapters 1, 2, 3, and 4 had been updated by Dr. Rao who authored the 2019 Springer Classic, “Wind Energy for Power Generation - Meeting the Challenge of Practical Implementation”, in two volumes and nearly 2,000 pages. Dr. Rao had researched especially for these book chapters tracing the Wind Energy Applications accomplished during the past decade, i.e., since 2020 through now. Based on his research from publications in the public domain Dr. Rao’s sum-up of these chapters 1, 2, 3 and 4 follow the original author’s introduction as it appeared in 2011 Handbook.In the original chapter by Dr. Larry Viterna’s introduction that appeared in the 2011 Handbook [1] he stated, “in the decade from 1975 through the 1985 the United States government worked with industry to advance the technology and help enable large commercial wind turbines. The impetus for this effort was two events on the world stage (1) an oil embargo by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 1973 followed by (2) the fall of the Shah of Iran in 1979. In response to the first crises, in 1975, NASA’s Glenn Research Center took on the role of leading the technology development of large horizontal-axis wind turbines, the dominant type of wind turbine in use. The following pages document the development of major wind turbine systems and technologies, their impact on the industry and future development areas that could benefit the industry. NASA’s Glenn Research Center, Ohio had the facilities and engineering capabilities necessary to advance wind turbine technology. NASA was able to successfully apply its capabilities in areas such as propeller and turbine design, structural analysis, advanced materials, aerodynamics, instrumentation and power system control to the design of wind energy systems. During the 1970’s and ’80s, a total of 13 experimental wind turbines were put into operation including four major wind turbine designs. This program pioneered many of the multimegawatt turbine technologies including steel tube towers, variable-speed generators, composite blade materials, and high lift-to-drag airfoils. In addition, key engineering analysis, design and measurement capabilities were developed such as models for aerodynamic performance, structural dynamics, fatigue life, wind measurement and acoustics. The outstanding success of wind energy can be seen today in the growth of the installed power capacity”.In the current update Editor K.R. Rao contributed in section 1.8 of this chapter “NASA Developments, Potential, and Bibliography Since 2011”. Since 2011 Wind energy has been extensively investigated and researched by NASA and cited in many publications covering power generation cited in this section. NASA has been extremely active not only in space exploration for which it is primarily meant but also espousing its efficacy for human hub- citation by disseminating valuable imagery of wind energy for the current and future urban and regional habitations around the world. Figures 1.33 to 1.37 demonstrate the satellite depiction from the outer space of wind energy around the entire globe. Wind power in USA was largely augmented by NASA’s innovative efforts as documented by Dr. Viterina in the original compilation of chapter 6 of classic publication “Energy and Power Generation Handbook -- Established and Emerging Technologies”, edited by K.R. Rao and published by ASME in 2011. This update provides additional contributions of NASA since the publication of Viterna’s chapter in 2011. Dr. Rao covered Wind Developments Around the Globe by NASA; Potential Wind Capacity in the US 48 Contiguous States; Community-Scale 50-m Wind Maps; Residential-Scale 30-m Wind Maps; Implementation of Residential Wind Towers; Offshore Wind Resource Potential; Installed Wind Capacity as of 2015; Proposed Wind Energy Project Offshore North Carolina; Proposed Wind Projects in the US; Potential Wind Capacity; Wind Generation Developments of NASA since 2010; Capturing Airborne Wind; NASA WorldWind Efforts; Monthly Mean Wind and 10m Wind Speed; and conclusions.Dr. K.R. Rao, the editor of the current publication, updated this chapter due to the nonavailability of Dr. Peter Viterna to update his original contribution of the 2011 Handbook. As a follow-up of original chapter 6 by Dr. Viterna covering NASA’s contributions of Wind Energy in ASME Energy and Power Generation Handbook [1], NASA’s contribution for wind energy since 2010 had been captured by Dr. Rao in the current update. Dr. Viterna was a NASA Researcher whose innovation advanced the entire wind energy industry. Despite the advances made by the NASA-led program, there were still significant challenges. Wind turbines, especially in high-wind conditions, can routinely stall, limiting the ability of the turbine to produce electricity. The inability to properly predict stall behavior led to inefficient designs and costly turbine failures. “A Pair of Surprises” were what Viterna developed in a model that took into account three-dimensional effects and predicted stall behavior with far greater accuracy than previous methods, improv- ing wind turbine performance. The model was not well accepted by colleagues in the wind energy field, Dr. Viterna remembers. “I almost got laughed off the stage when I presented it,” he says Dr. Viterna, however, continued to employ the model for NASA’s purposes, even using it to improve Glenn’s Icing Research Tunnel, designed to study the effects of ice buildup on aircraft. During a nighttime test, the wind tunnel’s pressure release door flew open, sending 400-mph winds ripping through the adjoining work area. This surprised Viterna’s coworkers and colleagues inventing this model. He discovered that this initially criticized model had, within a decade of its creation, quietly become the established method of modeling the performance of wind turbine airfoils in stall condi- tions. “A Method for Success” was what is in the “Viterna Method” which is now routinely used by research institutions and turbine manufacturers alike in the design and certification of modern wind turbines. “The model makes it possible for manufacturers to predict and characterize the performance of airfoils for these turbines,” says Paul Gray a turbine developer Aerostar Inc. The method is even used for finding applications beyond horizontal wind tur- bines; Viterna’ once-mocked model is now employed for vertical wind turbines, wind tunnels, and underwater turbines that make use of tidal energy to produce power. The Agency can also expect to see a resurgence of its early work, predicts Sandy Butterfield, wind program chief engineer at the National Wind Technology Center. “As the industry moves forward and becomes more competitive, you will see efforts to explore lower cost, more structurally efficient machines, and that’s when people will begin to capitalize again on that good work NASA did in the early 1970s and 1980s,” he says. That is good news for the advancement of alternative energy, and for the dedicated researchers at Glenn, so long as this does not involve another office being destroyed. Information about this NASA spinoff is in the original article from “Spinoff 2009”, see the three figures 1.58, 1.59 and 1.60 all which are attributed to Viterna. Dr. Rao updated Dr. Viterna’s chapter with 4 tables, 30 figures, 53 footnotes and 2 references.Chapter 7 of the 2011 Handbook was authored by Jose Zayas who addressed “Scope of Wind Energy Generation Technologies”. Jose Zayas noted the progress of Wind Energy since the early days through time of his contribution in 2011 during which time Wind Energy in the United States has achieved large market installations and continued market acceptance. Through the 3rd quarter of 2010, the United States has approximately 37,000 MW of installed capacity, which represents 2% of the US energy consumption. Since the beginning, Sandia National Laboratories has had a key role in developing innovations in areas such as aerodynamics, materials, design tools, rotor concepts, manufacturing, and sensors, and today, through continued partnerships with industry, academia, and other national labs, Sandia continues to develop and deliver the next set of technology options that will continue to improve the reliability and efficiency of wind systems. It is difficult to predict what the next generation of technologies will bring to this industry, but it continues to mature and leverage technologies from other sectors, the resulting turbines will be smarter, more efficient, and they will represent a significant percentage of the US Energy Mix. the author uses 11 references along with 37 schematics, figures, and pictures to augment the professional and scholastic treatment of the subject.Dr. K.R. Rao, the Editor of the current publication, updated this chapter in Section 2.7, due to the nonavailability of Jose Zayas to update his original contribution in the 2011 Handbook [1]. Dr. Rao in section 2.7 covers the Scope of Wind Energy Generation Technologies since 2011, the earlier period was covered in “Scope of Wind Energy Generation Technologies” by Jose Zayas in “Energy and Power Generation Handbook- Established and Emerging Technologies” edited by K. R. Rao published by ASME, 2011 [1]. The content of Jose Zayas’s initial contribution is retained in its entirety since the textual content has relevance even today after two decades after the initial publication in 2011. This section 2.7 has four parts: 2.7.2 dealing with the Next Generation Issues of Wind Energy”; 2.7.3 covers “Next Generation – Analysis”; 2.7.4 addresses “Wind Vision”; 2.7.5 “Wind Map” and lastly 2.7.6 ends with a Conclusion. In 2 7.2 discussion starts with topics which impacted Wind Energy Generation since 2010 to-date, which are issues with impact on next generation issues. The topics are “Bigger the Better”, “Hub Height”; “Rotor Diameter”; “Inverters”; “Life Extension and Recycling”; “Circular Economy”; “Name Plate Capacity”; “Transportation Challenges”; “Artificial Intelligence” and “Hybrid” related issues. In 2.7.3 coverage starts with “Market Analysis -On Land”; “Market Analysis - Offshore”; “Dis- tributed Wind”; “Grid Integration”; “Environmental Aspects of Wind Turbine Siting”; “Cyber Security”; “Digital Related Issues”; “High Fidelity – HPC & HPM”; “Compressible and Incompressible flow models” and finally “Nonlinear Structural Flows”. Section 2.7.4 picks up information in “Wind Vision” contributed by Jose Zayas as director Wind & Water Technology Office; Section 2.7.5 elaborates the Department of Energies (DOE’s) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy’s Energy Innovation Portal and WETO Projects Wind Map; and finally in 2.7.6 a conclusion is provided elaborating the points discussed in this section and summarizing what the future of wind energy as contemplated by US DOE and NREL. K.R. Rao contributed this update based on his ’on-line research’ and findings from his Classic “Wind Energy for Power Generation - Meeting The Challenge of Practical Implementation” Published by Springer in two volumes in 2019. This update also picks up the essence of a report “WIND VISION - New Era for Wind Power in the United States”, by Jose Zayas who was Director, Wind and Water Power Technologies Office U.S. Department of Energy. “WIND VISION - New Era for Wind Power in the United States” dated March 12, 2015. Wind Vison was a collaborative effort of “several hundred stake holders and individuals across the agency, industry, academia, and national labs for their strategic interest in a renewed vision for wind energy”, which was a significant comprehensive contribution for Wind Energy Development. The essence of this report has been captured by K. R. Rao spread over in several sections of this current chapter update. Readers are urged to refer to the “Wind Vison” report to capture the message about the growth of the wind energy during the past decade and for the future up to 2050. Dr. Rao updated Jose Zayas chapter with 5 tables, 25 figures, 110 footnotes and 2 references.Thomas Baldwin and Gary Seifert cover “Wind Energy in the U.S.” in Chapter 8 of 2011 Handbook [1] which is retained as Chapter 3 in the current publication. Thomas Baldwin and Gary Seifert used 34 references along with 26 schematics, figures, pictures, and tables to augment the professional and scholastic treatment of the subject. In the 1970s and 1980s, wind turbines were clustered into wind farms and connected to the electric grid in California, which marked the first commercial, utility-scale use of wind energy. The size of those wind turbines was 100 kW and smaller. In the following decades, wind turbine technology progressed quickly, and by 2010, grid-connected wind turbines were typically in the 2-MW range and turbines as large as 6-MW have been deployed. The potential energy in wind is determined as a function of the cube of speed. Given the cubic relationship between power and wind speed when wind speed doubles there is eight times more power available. In 2009, wind supplied about 1.8% of the electricity in the United States. Wind power currently provides more than 20% of the electricity distributed in northern Spain and in Denmark. A goal is to increase wind generation in the United States to 20% by 2030. Utility transmission lines carry wind-generated electricity from vast and sparsely populated areas where the wind is most abundant, like the Great Plains, to large cities where demand for electricity is high. At the moment, there is insufficient transmission infrastructure connecting the windiest parts of the country with large cities. Enhancing the transmission line power capacity for utility-scale wind plants is a key issue that must be resolved in the coming years. Most regions of the United States are served by “power pools” of utilities that join together to generate electricity and transmit it to where it is needed. The name “power pool” is descriptive of the electric power coming from many different sources (a coal-fired power plant, a hydro plant, and others) flows into a “pool” from which it is distributed to thousands of end users. A power pool can easily absorb the elec- tric power from a wind plant and add to it the generation mix- ture up to a penetration level of around 20%. Wind penetration greater than 20% requires advancements in transmission capacity, forecasting accuracy, and energy storage as addressed in the Wind Energy Research section. Wind plants could be installed in many locations, providing income, jobs, and electricity for homes and businesses. Wind farms and plants can also revitalize the economy of rural communities, providing steady income through lease or royalty payments to farmers and other landowners. Although leasing arrangements can vary widely, in 2010, a reasonable estimate for income to a landowner from a single utility-scale turbine was ap- proximately $4,000 a year, depending on the wind resource, the size of the turbine, and other factors. For a typical farm, income from wind comes with little interruption in farming activities with about one acre removed from agricultural production per turbine. Farmers can grow crops or raise livestock next to the towers. While wind farms may extend over a large geographical area, their actual “footprint” covers only a very small portion of the land, making wind development a cooperative way for farmers to earn additional income. WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGIES have been covered by the authors in the initial chapter.The original authors of chapter 8 that appeared in the “Energy and Power Generation Handbook” published by ASME in 2011 [1] were invited to provide an update for their contributions of the original publication of 2011. It is quite understandable that they were unavailable for updating their original contribution since over a period of a decade their jobs may have taken different directions and their professional interests had shifted to newer and different avenues. Given that perspective and that they were unavailable for the current publication, Dr. K. R. Rao, editor-in-charge of this Renewable Energy Series decided to provide the update reflecting the present scenario of the subject addressed by Thomas Baldwin and Gary Seifert in Chapter 8 titled “WIND ENERGY IN THE U.S”. Dr. KR Rao with his classic 2-volume book, nearly 2,000 pages on “Wind Energy for Power Generation- Meeting The Challenge of Practical Implementation” published by Springer in 2019 [2] makes him credible to provide the update for Baldwin/ Seifert Chapter. This chapter update has been renumbered as chapter 3 in the current publication. Most of the content and graphics including references of the original Baldwin / Seifert effort have been retained by the editor considering they are still germane for addressing the subject matter, even today. However, considering several advances which have occurred over a period of one decade, editor who provided this update retained the topical outline which is still pertinent today as initially published and the updates are provided against each of the topics mentioned in the 2011, ASME Publication [1]. Wind power in the United States has expanded rapidly over the past few decades, and January through December 2020, 337.5 terawatt-hours were generated by wind power, or 8.42% of all generated electrical energy in the United States. In 2019, wind power surpassed hydroelectric power as the largest renewable energy source generated in the U.S. As of January 2021, the total installed wind power nameplate generating capacity in the United States was 122,478 megawatts (MW). This capacity is exceeded only by China and the European Union. Thus far, wind power’s largest growth in capacity was in 2020, when 16,913 MW of wind power was installed and surpassed by leaps and bounds what was achieved in 2012, which saw the addition of 11,895 MW, representing 26.5% of the new power capacity installed during that year. By September 2019, 19 states had over 1,000 MW of installed capacity with 5 states (Texas, Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, and California) generating over half of all wind energy in the nation. Texas, with 28,843 MW of capacity, about 16.8% of the state’s electricity usage, had the most installed wind power capacity of any U.S. state at the end of 2019. The state generating the highest percentage of energy from wind power is Iowa at over 57% of total energy production, while North Dakota has the most per capita wind generation. The Alta Wind Energy Center in California is the largest wind farm in the United States with a capacity of 1,548 MW. GE Power is the largest domestic wind turbine manufacturer. In this update closely following the topical outline of the original authors this coverage in Section 3.15 “Scope of Wind Energy in the US Since 2011”, after a brief introduction in section 3.15.1 has in the following sections in section 3.15.2 Wind Turbine Technologies, in 3.15.3 Wind Resources in The U.S., in section 3.15.4 covers Wind Plant Economics, in section 3.15.5 addresses Technical Issues, in section 3.15.6 coverage is Environmental Issues, in section 3.15.7 Radar Impacts, in section 3.15.8 Local Impacts, in section 3.15.9 Addressing Needs For Wind To Reach Its Full Potential In The U.S., in section 3.15.10, Wind Farm Development, in section 3.15.11 Wind Resource Assessment, in section 3.15.12 Materials Required for The Land-Based Wind Turbine Industry, and a conclusion in 3.15.13. The sum up of this chapter update states wind capacity additions continued at a robust pace during the past decade. Wind power has been a significant source of new electric generation capacity in the US in recent years. Supply chain is diverse and multifaceted, with strong domestic content for nacelle assembly, towers and blades. Turbine scaling is significantly boosting wind project performances, while the installed cost of wind projects has declined. Wind power sales prices and levelized cost of energy are at all-time lows, enabling economic competitiveness despite low gas prices. Growth beyond current cycle remains uncertain and could be blunted by declining federal tax support, expectations for low natural gas prices and solar costs, and mod- est electricity demand growth. The outlook for future wind energy growth will depend upon phaseout of federal tax incentives; continued low natural gas and wholesale electricity prices; potential decline in market value as wind penetration increases; modest electricity demand growth; limited near-term demand based on state policies; and finally growing competition from solar in some regions. Dr. Rao updated Baldwin & Seifert chapter with 4 tables, 37 figures, 82 footnotes and 2 references.Chapter 9 “Wind Energy Research in The Netherlands” by Dr. Peter Eecen was published in the 2011 Handbook [1]. Since Dr. Peter Eecen was unavailable to update his original write-up Editor Dr. K. R. Rao with his credentials as author of the classic 2-vol-ume 2,000 page book on “Wind Energy for Power Generation- Meeting The Challenge of Practical Implementation” published by Springer in 2019 [2] is credible to up-date this chapter. In the current book it is renumbered as chapter 4 in which the original write-up is retained in “to-to” since it is still applicable for the current times, as well. The essence of Dr. Peter Eecen’s original introduction as it appeared in the 2011 Handbook is retained in this introduction. The research in wind energy is concentrated at the wind energy department of the Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, ECN and the interfaculty wind energy department DUWIND at Delft University of Technology. Both institutes have been involved in wind energy research from the start in the 1970s and closely match their research programs. In the Netherlands, the wind energy research is supported by an extensive experimental infrastructure. Interest in the application of modern wind energy grew in the Netherlands in the 1970s when the limit of fossil fuels became clear. The current wind energy research and associated industrial activities are taking place in an international context, mostly the European context, therefore the research activities not only take account of the long-term energy research program of the Dutch government, such as the long-term energy research pro-gram, but also of the R&D priorities defined in the international context, such as the Strategic Research Agenda (SRA) of the wind energy sector. The three wind energy research organizations are well represented in international bodies such as European Wind Energy Association (EWEA), European Academy of Wind Energy (EAWE), International Energy Agency (IEA), International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), International Network for Harmonized and Recognized Measurements in Wind Energy (MEAS-NET), European Wind Energy Technology Platform (TPWind) and the European Energy Research Alliance (EERA). Several of wind energy programs with technical details have been documented in Chapter 9 by Eecen and are retained in chapter4 of the current publication. This Chapter 9 by Peter Eecen describes the developments within the Netherlands with regard to the wind energy research since funding by the National Wind Energy Research Program during 1976 to 1985. Wind energy research activities in the Netherlands have been predominantly performed at the Wind Energy Department of The Energy Research Centre of the Nether-lands (ECN) and the interfaculty wind energy department Duwind at Delft University of Technology. Both institutes are involved in wind energy research since the start of the modern wind turbines. These institutes match their research programs with each other so that a consistent research program in the Netherlands is in place. In the Netherlands the wind energy research is supported by an extensive experimental infrastructure at The Knowledge Centre WMC with is a research institute for materials, components, and structures performing blade tests for large wind turbines up to 60 m in length. ECN has a research wind farm where prototype wind turbines are tested with five full-scale turbines research activities The wind farm research include aerodynamics of wind with a large selection of experimental facilities for wind energy applications. The most prominent facilities are the wind tunnels, of which the open Jet facility is the most recent addition. A historic overview of the wind energy research activities in the Netherlands is written from the perspective of the research community and provides alter- native insights with a focus on the implementation of wind energy and the development of support mechanisms. The description of research activities, the developed advanced design tools, developed knowledge, and intellectual property provide an alternative source for further activities to reduce the cost of energy of wind power. Dr. Eecen used 22 references along with ten schematics, figures, pictures, and tables to augment the professional and scholastic treatment of the subject.“Wind Energy in Netherlands” documented in Chapter 9 by Eecen in the ASME’s 2011 classic publication “Energy and Power Generation Handbook - Established and Emerging Technologies” edited by K. R. Rao [1], has been updated by Editor-in-Chief of the current Renewable Energy Series, K. R. Rao. This update “WIND ENERGY IN THE NETHERLANDS Since 2011 – INTRODUCTION” has been provided in section 4.10 and follows the same topical outline initially contributed by Eecen in the 2011 publica- tion. Eecen with his professional and scholastic expertise provided information which is applicable even to-day, however the topical discussions covering what happened since 2011 to date need to be up-dated. Even though the topics are retained as much as possible, a continuation of the same is not appropriate. Thus, discussions are as applicable for the topics listed in this update and cannot be attributed do the original write-up of Eecen. All of the material in this update is from information available in the online public domain and is documented in the footnotes pertinent to the dis- cussions. Material in this update can be easily researched from the footnotes provided and readers have an opportunity to even look up to the latest positions of the topic at the time of browsing the manuscript. As of October 2020, wind power in the Netherlands has an installed capacity of 4,990 MW, 19% of which is based off- shore. In 2019, the wind turbines provided the country with 12% of its electricity demand during the year. The Netherlands reached an Energy Agreement for Sustainable Growth for offshore wind turbines to supply 3.3% of the Netherlands’ total energy needs. The Coalition Agreement and the Climate Agreement (2019) include a commitment to continue the successful offshore wind energy pol- icy. This results in a total offshore wind power capacity of 11 GW by 2030, which is enough to supply 8.5% of all the energy in the Netherlands. The total installed capacity of offshore wind power in the Netherlands is around 2.5 gigawatts (GW) in 2021 and targets to increase to at least 4.5 GW by 2023 which is enshrined in the Energy Agreement for Sustainable Growth.The Netherlands is working on a transition to a sustainable, reliable, and affordable energy supply. The Netherlands wind energy market is expected to grow at more than 9.5% during the forecast period 2020-2025. Wind energy in the Netherlands powers about 5.7 million homes and cuts the CO2 footprint of elec- tricity by 12%. The Netherlands is expected to build the world’s largest offshore wind farm by 2027, along with a 2.3-square- mile artificial island to support it. The wind farm is expected to be capable of producing 30 GW of power. Onshore farms in The Netherland’s wind farms made up 80% of the new installations with 11.8 GW. This was 22% lower than the government’s pre-COVID forecast. The Netherlands installed the most wind power capacity in 2020 (1.98 GW), 75% of that was offshore wind. The Netherlands installed the most wind capacity use due to strong offshore additions. Offshore wind made up 20% of new installations in Europe with 2.9 GW of new capacity connected to the grid in 2020 of which The Netherlands installed half of that capacity. Offshore installations were driven by the completion of the Borssele Wind Farm zones, the three wind farms were awarded to different consortia in 2016 and 2017. 220 GW of wind power capacity are now installed in Europe, 11% of this figure is off- shore, and Netherlands has 5 GW. In the Netherlands an increase of 1.6 GW of wind energy installations are expected in 2021. In 2021-2025 new onshore wind installations in The Netherlands will be 20 GW. According to Realistic Expectations Scenario, between 2021 and 2025, offshore installations in The Netherlands were 4.4 GW. In cumulative terms of total capacity, Europe would reach 318 GW of installed capacity by the end of 2025 of which The Netherlands will be above the 10 GW. The update has been covered in Section 4.10 “WIND ENERGY IN THE NETHERLANDS – INTRODUCTION”, with several discussions contained in this section sequentially in section 4.10.1 “Wind Energy in The Netherlands Since 2011”covering in sections 4.10.1.1 Upwind, 4.10.1.2 Smart Rotors, 4.10.1.3 Delft University of Technology (DU) Airfoil Concepts followed by sec- tion 4.10.2 RESEARCH CENTERS and PROGRAMS IN THE NETHERLANDS SINCE 2011 which contain in sections 4.10.2.1 ECN (Energy Research Center, The Netherlands), 4.10.2.2 WMC (Knowledge Center), 4.10.2.3 Blade Testing and Material Research at WMC, 4.10.2.4 An Advanced Method for Wind Turbine Wake Modeling, 4.10.2.5 DUWIND, DELFT NL, 4.10.2.6 Environmen- tal Research Impacting Urban Areas 4.10.2.7 European Wind Atlas and the Netherlands Wind Energy Research 4.10.2.8 Netherlands Wind Energy Association (NWEA) Research Policy Plan, and in section 4.10.3 PROGRAMS and PROGRESS of WIND ENERGY IN NETHERLANDS SINCE 2011 with sections 4.10.3.1 RWE, NL Wind Turbines on Dutch Dams, 4.10.3.2 Infrastructure for Wind Energy in The Netherland, 4.10.3.3 Trains by Wind Power in The Netherland, 4.10.3.4, The German-Dutch Wind Tunnels DNW, 4.10.3.5 Recent Developments of Wind Farm Design Recent Developments of Offshore Wind Farm Design, Climate Control in Netherlands with Impact on Wind Energy and in Section 4.10.4 SUMMARY with 4.10.4.1 addressing Wind Farms in Netherlands During 2020-through-2026, and in 4.10.4.2 Futuristic Wind Farms in Netherlands. In section 4.10.4.2 “Futuristic Wind Farms in Netherlands” update covers The Netherlands wind energy market - growth, trends, Covid-19 impact, and forecasts (2021 - 2026), which have been studied with 2020 as the base year for the study. The Netherlands is working on a transition to a sustainable, reliable, and affordable energy supply. The Netherlands wind energy market is expected to grow at a CAGR of more than 9.5% during the forecast period 2020-2025. Wind energy in the Netherlands powers about 5.7 million homes and also cuts the CO2 footprint of electricity by 12%. Factors like increasing demand for renewable energy, rising investments in wind farms, and reducing CO2 emissions are driving the wind energy market in the country. Offshore wind is expected to witness significant growth in the wind energy market in the Netherlands during the forecast period. The Netherlands has an overly ambitious renewable-energy plan in the works. The country is expected to build the world’s largest offshore wind farm by 2027, along with a 2.3-square-mile artificial island to support it. The wind farm is expected to be capable of producing 30 GW of power, which is likely to provide an opportunity to a growth in the deployment of wind energy in coming future. The Netherlands is making strides toward the country’s renewable energy targets i.e., 16% renewable energy sources (RES) by 2023 of total energy demand. The factors like shallow waters, good wind resources, good harbor facilities, experienced industry, and a robust support system are driving the offshore wind energy market. The active offshore wind farms in the North Sea are Gemini (600 MW), Luchterduinen (129 MW), Prinses Amalia (120 MW), and Egmond aan Zee (OWEZ) (108 MW). Offshore wind farms which are in the Dutch part of the North Sea. The upcoming offshore wind farm zones for the 3,500 MW new offshore wind capacity are Borssele (1,400 MW), South Holland coast wind farm zone (1,400 MW) and North Holland coast wind farm zone (700 MW). Netherlands had 4463 MW of wind energy installed in 2019 and the wind-generated electricity in Netherlands accounted for 10.5 TWh in 2018. Key players in The Netherlands wind energy market include ENERCON GmbH, Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy SA, Mit- subishi Corp, General Electric Company, and Lagerwey Wind BV. The notable features for the foreseeable future for wind energy are Airborne Wind Energy, Offshore Floating Concepts, Smart Rotors, Wind Induced Energy-Harvesting Devices, Blade Tip-Mounted Rotors, Unconventional Power Transmission Systems, Multi-Ro- tor Turbines, Alternative Support Structures, Modular High Volt- age Direct Current Generators, Innovative Blade Manufacturing Techniques, and Diffuser-Augmented Turbines, and Small Tur- bine Technologies. The optimization of floating offshore wind platforms are through the integrated design of the platform and the wind turbine, including downwind rotors, high tip speed ratio operation and two bladed rotors. These could have an impact on the cost of the platform and the whole floating system. Dr. Rao updated Dr. Eecen’s chapter with 7 tables, 36 figures, 134 foot- notes and 2 references.In the current publication the sole author from the original ASME Classical 2011 Handbook is Mr. Ramesh Muthya to whom the Editor Dr. K. R. Rao expresses his immense appreciation for participating in this publication in spite of Mr. Muthya’s sev- eral professional consulting services, (see his Bio). Mr. Ramesh Muthya authored the last chapter of Section II covering Wind Energy in the 2011 Handbook [1]. Mr. Ramesh Muthya covered in Chapter 8 “Role of Wind Energy Technology in India and Neigh- boring Countries”. Mr. Ramesh Muthya with his long association with the field has treated the subject of wind energy development as a source of power in the Indian sub-continent with a thorough understanding of development cycle. India engaged on wind power as early as the late 1950s but was mostly for nonelectric applications. Origins of usage of wind for grid connection started only in the mid-1980s with few small turbines installed at known windy areas. Approach to resource development in India was approached cautiously except for a few biogas plants. China had also during that time frame been slow in taking to large-scale development in renewable energy. In 2007 China claimed about 4 GW of wind power installations and by 2009, the installations touched an astounding 26 GW, with scores of companies undertaking development on a war footing. A spate of wind turbine designs had been developed, and prototypes are being built and tested. Sri Lanka hasgood wind resource however it cannot be expected to reach the market size potential that India or China have reached. Ramesh Muthya had attempted to capture some of the salient aspects of Wind Energy Technology Development and deployment in India in the context of power supply systems management. The author uses 14 references along with 16 schematics, figures, pictures, and tables to augment the professional and scholastic treatment of the subject. Mr. Muthya in the current contribution stated that the expectations for the next decade onshore wind power in Asia would follow the trends of West. New ways of handling the vari- able nature of the wind power availability will cease to be an issue with the grid managers. Infrastructure development although will continue to be a source of concern, increased revenue allocation will be made for wind power development. In a country like India grid extension will need considerable effort and time because of right of way issues and network congestion which at certain times could adversely affect the stability of grid. The engineering prob- lems associated with such issues have solutions and India as well as rest of the world are grappling with such issues. This field being highly capital intensive, it will face financing problems to make it viable. It can only be assumed that increased cost of energy would result in making wind more attractive. Forecasting for wind power has caught imagination of the grid managers and in India there is a commercial and policy push to target increase in wind energy potential. Mr. Ramesh Muthya updated his earlier 2011 submission with 6 tables and 10 figures.Perhaps the most interesting chapter of this book is authored in the last Chapter 6 by Dr. Weifei Hu titled “Artificial Intelli- gence in Wind Energy” which dwells on a futuristic aspect of wind energy, perhaps still in the exploratory stage. Despite the increasing development of wind energy (WE) which has notably become the leading renewable energy now, there are still persistent barriers to wider implementation related to technology, cost, and environ- mental and social impacts, e.g., super large-scale (≥10 megawatt) wind turbine (WT) technology, wind turbine deployment at low wind speed and/or residential- closed areas, and offshore wind farm under severe wind-wave conditions. As one of the emerging technologies, artificial intelligence (AI) could take some of these challenges and assist in achieving the goal of further lowering the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) from wind. Dr. Hu discusses these issues with the help of bibliographical references, schematics and scholastic equations. Recently AI has been tremendously investigated in an extremely wide range from financial data analytics and industrial production design to novel biometric and forensic applications and various renewable energy development. This chapter will provides the fundamental theories of four categories of state-of-the-art AI methods including (i) neural learning meth- ods, (ii) statistical learning methods, (iii) evolutionary learn- ing methods, and (iv) hybrid learning methods in a lucid way, then carry out a comprehensive survey of various AI meth- ods used in WE including (i) wind speed prediction, (ii) wind power estimation, (iii) wind turbine condition monitoring and diagnosis, (iv) wind turbine systems design, and (v) wind farm operation and maintenance. In addition, realistic case studies of AI in WE are also explained along with results and discussion replete with details. Concluding remarks summarize some research goals of AI in WE, for example, accurate WE fore- casting, optimal WE efficiency and improved WE accessibility. The significant development of WE brings challenges, e.g., exploring new available wind resources on land and offshore, design- ing reliable and cost-effective titanic WTs (e.g., 10 MW WTs), and developing new monitoring approaches that can reduce the opera- tional and maintenance (O&M) cost. Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, emerging from computer science, are becoming promising tools to overcome these challenges and boosting the further development of WE. AI is a kind of intelligence demonstrated by machines in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans. It has been performing more complex tasks than straightforward automation in different domains and applications, such as robotics, cyber-physical systems, and renewable energy. It consists of many branches including artificial neural network (ANN), genetic algorithm (GA), expert system (ES), fuzzy logic (FL), and various hybrid systems, which are combinations of two or more of the branches, to produce efficient and effective computing solutions. Even though some current AI tech- niques still require interaction with human intelligence, the appro- priate use of AI techniques leads to smart systems with improved performance that cannot be achieved by traditional methods. A large number of AI techniques have been proposed and applied in WE. This chapter distinguishes various AI techniques into four categories, neural learning methods, statistical learning methods, evolutionary learning methods, and hybrid learning methods, which are further separated into different specific AI methods as explained in Section 6.2. Section 6.3 provides surveys of various AI methods used in WE are focusing on wind speed prediction, wind power prediction, WT design and optimization, and WT condition monitoring (WTCM). Concluding remarks are provided in Section 6.4. This chapter aims to offer non-exhaustive surveys due to the extremely wide topic (the combination of AI and WE) and present readers an overall but clear picture of AI in WE. The content of chapter 6 weaving through Intro- duction in 6.1,to section 6.2 deals with Wind Energy, then Section deals with Artificial Intelligence, 6.4 with Artificial Intelligence in Wind Energy, section 6.5 with the “Theories of State-of-the-art Artificial Intelligence”, Section 6.2 with “Neural Learning Methods”, Section 6.3 covers “Statistical Learning Methods”, Section 6.4 covers “Evolutionary Learning Methods” and 6.2.4 “Hybrid Learning Methods”, Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Wind Energy, Wind Speed Prediction, Wind Power Estimation, Wind Turbine Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis, Wind Turbine Systems Design, Wind Farm Operation and Maintenance and the author provides conclusions summarizing his research with Acknowledgments, Acronyms and References. Dr. Hu’s contribution had 3 tables, 5 figures, 8 equations and 100 references.Update contained in this book is rich with 28 tables, 143 figures, 379 footnotes, 8 equations and 102 references, in addition to several of the tables, figures and references of 2011 Handbook [1]. This provides the readers in addition to consulting scripts of the professional write-up of initial authors, immense scholastic and professional material for the readers to use.1. Energy and Power Generation Handbook - Established and Emerging Technologies, edited by K. R. Rao, ASME Press, New York, 2011.2. Wind Energy for Power Generation - Meeting the Challenge of Practical Implementation by K. R. Rao, Volumes 1 &2, This Springer book is published by Springer International Publishing AG part of Springer Nature, Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland.