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Solar Energy ApplicationsK.R. Rao, PhD, PE Editor
© 2020, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, shall not be responsible for statements or opinions advanced in papers or... printed in its publications (B7.1.3). Statement from the Bylaws. For authorization to photocopy material for internal or personal use under those circumstances not falling within the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act, contact the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: 978-750-8400, www.copyright.com., USA (www.asme.org) Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Control Number: 2020002288
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ContentsDedication ixAcknowledgements xiContributing Authors xiiiForeword xixPreface xxiIntroduction xxiii1 Large Scale Solar Power, Hydrogen Developments, and Building Applications of Solar 1-1Robert F. Boehm1.1 Introduction 1-11.2 Large scale solar power generation 1-11.3 Hydrogen developments 1-181.4 Building applications of solar 1-261.5 Literature cited 1-351.6 Some solar related technologies and their applications 1-45
2 Solar Energy Applications and Comparisons: China and Mongolia 2-67Yong X. Tao, Rambod Rayegan, Hongwei Tan and Suraj Talele2.0 Introduction 2-672.1 Overview of China’s solar energy utilization strategy 2-682.2 Large-scale solar energy plants for power generation 2-702.3 Distributed PV systems for buildings 2-742.4 Solar thermal systems for buildings 2-802.5 Solar process heat for manufacturing applications 2-822.6 Other solar energy applications 2-822.7 Scaling- up renewable energy plan (SREP) in Mongolia 2-832.8 Solar measurements, modeling and forecasting 2-842.9 Summary 2-852.10 References 2-86
3 Solar Thermal Power Plants: From Endangered Species to Bulk PowerProduction in Sun Belt Regions 3-87Manuel Romero, José González-Aguilar and K.R. Rao3.1 Introduction 3-873.2 Solar thermal power plants: Schemes and technologies 3-883.3 Parabolic-troughs 3-923.4 Linear-Fresnel reflectors 3-993.5 Central receiver systems (CRS) 3-1003.6 Dish/Stirling systems 3-1073.7 Technology development needs and market opportunities for solar thermal electricity (STE) 3-1093.8 Recent solar applications in Spain, Europe, Asia, Africa, Middle East, South & Central America & Australasia 3-1113.9 Nomenclature and unit conversions 3-1293.10 References 3-1294 Solar Energy Applications in India 4-133Deepak Yadav and Rangan Banerjee4.1 Acronyms 4-1334.2 Introduction 4-1334.3 Applications of solar energy 4-1354.4 Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission 4-1354.5 Grid-connected PV stations 4-1374.6 Rooftop solar 4-1404.7 Off-grid solar photovoltaic systems 4-1424.8 Village electrification and isolated load management using solar PV 4-1434.9 Solar desalination systems 4-1464.10 Solar water heating systems (SWHS) 4-1464.11 Concentrated solar thermal (CST) systems 4-1484.12 Solar thermal power generation 4-1524.13 Solar energy in neighboring countries 4-1544.14 Solar research at IIT Bombay 4-1554.15 Summary and conclusions 4-1564.16 References 4-1585 Future Solar Energy Applications 5-161Ram A. Goel5.1 Introduction 5-1615.2 Global energy needs and resources 5-1615.3 Solar energy 5-1655.4 Solar thermal power systems use concentrated solar energy 5-1685.5 10 Major application of solar energy 5-1705.6 Further applications of solar energy 5-1765.7 Future application of solar energy 5-1815.8 Solar technology: What’s new? 5-1825.9 Efficiency gains 5-1845.10 Technologies shaping the future of solar power 5-1865.11 References 5-187
6 NASA Glenn’s Historical Role in Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion 6-189Jeremiah S. McNatt and Sheila G. Bailey6.1 Introduction 6-1896.2 Foundations of photovoltaics for space 6-1896.3 Bridging terrestrial and space photovoltaic technologies 6-1906.4 Developing the power system for the international space station 6-1916.5 Advances in semiconductor growth lead to new photovoltaic technologies 6-1946.6 Unique missions require unique photovoltaic solutions 6-1946.7 Calls for higher efficiency, radiation tolerance, and lower mass guide research and development efforts 6-2006.8 Future perspective 6-2016.9 Acronyms 6-2016.10 References 6-201Index 203
PREFACERenewable Energy has emerged as an important source for energy and power generation from renewable resources, naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, hydro including tides and waves, geothermal heat, and from traditional and modern biomass. Worldwide investments in renewable energy are surpassing expectations, significantly in Europe (Germany and Spain), the US, in Asia (China and India) and in Australia.Energy, and Power Generation Handbook: Established and Emerging Technologies, edited by K.R. Rao, and published by ASME Press in 2011 was a comprehensive reference work of 32 chapters authored by 53 expert contributors from around the world, with the authors drawn from different specialties, each an expert in the respective field and with several decades of professional expertise and scores of technical publications. Recognizing the need of treating Renewable Energy and Power Generation as a separate field ASME Press initiated “Renewable Energy Series” to address each entity of Renewable Energy in a separate book, revising pertinent chapters of the 2011 Hand- book and bringing the coverage up to date.Thus, this book is the first in a series of renewable energy topical books and addresses SOLAR ENERGY APPLICATIONS to update chapters 1 through 6 of the 2011 Handbook in which Solar Energy was addressed.This book is meant to cover the technical discussions relating to solar energy source as well as why(s) and wherefore(s) of power genera- tion. A unique aspect of this publication is the scholarly discussions and expert opinions expressed, enabling the reader to make “value judg- ments” regarding which solar energy technology is applicable for their purpose. This book has the end user in view from the very beginning to the end. The audience targeted by this publication not only includes libraries, universities for use in their curriculum, utilities, consultants, and regulators, but is also meant to include ASME’s global community. ASME’s strategic plan includes Energy Technology as a priority.This book could be of immense use to those looking beyond the conventional discussions contained in similar books that provide the “cost benefit” rationale. Instead of picturing a static view, the contributors portray a futuristic perspective in their depictions, even considering the realities beyond the realm of socio-economic parameters to ramifications of the political climate. These discussions will captivate advocacy planners of global warming and energy conservation. University libraries, the “public-at-large,” economists looking for technological answers, practicing engineers who are looking for greener pastures in pursuing their professions, young engineers who are scrutinizing job alternatives, and engineers caught in a limited vision of energy and power generation will find this publication informative. Equally important is that all of the authors have cited from the public domain as well as textbook publications, handbooks, scholastic literature, and professional society publications, including ASME’s Technical Publications, in addition to their own professional experience, items that deal with renewable energy and non-renewable energy sources. Thus, ASME members across most of the Technical Divisions will find this book worth having.Dr. K.R. Rao Editor-in-ChiefRenewable Energy Series
© 2020, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, shall not be responsible for statements or opinions advanced in papers or... printed in its publications (B7.1.3). Statement from the Bylaws. For authorization to photocopy material for internal or personal use under those circumstances not falling within the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act, contact the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: 978-750-8400, www.copyright.com., USA (www.asme.org) Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Control Number: 2020002288
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ContentsDedication ixAcknowledgements xiContributing Authors xiiiForeword xixPreface xxiIntroduction xxiii1 Large Scale Solar Power, Hydrogen Developments, and Building Applications of Solar 1-1Robert F. Boehm1.1 Introduction 1-11.2 Large scale solar power generation 1-11.3 Hydrogen developments 1-181.4 Building applications of solar 1-261.5 Literature cited 1-351.6 Some solar related technologies and their applications 1-45
2 Solar Energy Applications and Comparisons: China and Mongolia 2-67Yong X. Tao, Rambod Rayegan, Hongwei Tan and Suraj Talele2.0 Introduction 2-672.1 Overview of China’s solar energy utilization strategy 2-682.2 Large-scale solar energy plants for power generation 2-702.3 Distributed PV systems for buildings 2-742.4 Solar thermal systems for buildings 2-802.5 Solar process heat for manufacturing applications 2-822.6 Other solar energy applications 2-822.7 Scaling- up renewable energy plan (SREP) in Mongolia 2-832.8 Solar measurements, modeling and forecasting 2-842.9 Summary 2-852.10 References 2-86
3 Solar Thermal Power Plants: From Endangered Species to Bulk PowerProduction in Sun Belt Regions 3-87Manuel Romero, José González-Aguilar and K.R. Rao3.1 Introduction 3-873.2 Solar thermal power plants: Schemes and technologies 3-883.3 Parabolic-troughs 3-923.4 Linear-Fresnel reflectors 3-993.5 Central receiver systems (CRS) 3-1003.6 Dish/Stirling systems 3-1073.7 Technology development needs and market opportunities for solar thermal electricity (STE) 3-1093.8 Recent solar applications in Spain, Europe, Asia, Africa, Middle East, South & Central America & Australasia 3-1113.9 Nomenclature and unit conversions 3-1293.10 References 3-1294 Solar Energy Applications in India 4-133Deepak Yadav and Rangan Banerjee4.1 Acronyms 4-1334.2 Introduction 4-1334.3 Applications of solar energy 4-1354.4 Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission 4-1354.5 Grid-connected PV stations 4-1374.6 Rooftop solar 4-1404.7 Off-grid solar photovoltaic systems 4-1424.8 Village electrification and isolated load management using solar PV 4-1434.9 Solar desalination systems 4-1464.10 Solar water heating systems (SWHS) 4-1464.11 Concentrated solar thermal (CST) systems 4-1484.12 Solar thermal power generation 4-1524.13 Solar energy in neighboring countries 4-1544.14 Solar research at IIT Bombay 4-1554.15 Summary and conclusions 4-1564.16 References 4-1585 Future Solar Energy Applications 5-161Ram A. Goel5.1 Introduction 5-1615.2 Global energy needs and resources 5-1615.3 Solar energy 5-1655.4 Solar thermal power systems use concentrated solar energy 5-1685.5 10 Major application of solar energy 5-1705.6 Further applications of solar energy 5-1765.7 Future application of solar energy 5-1815.8 Solar technology: What’s new? 5-1825.9 Efficiency gains 5-1845.10 Technologies shaping the future of solar power 5-1865.11 References 5-187
6 NASA Glenn’s Historical Role in Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion 6-189Jeremiah S. McNatt and Sheila G. Bailey6.1 Introduction 6-1896.2 Foundations of photovoltaics for space 6-1896.3 Bridging terrestrial and space photovoltaic technologies 6-1906.4 Developing the power system for the international space station 6-1916.5 Advances in semiconductor growth lead to new photovoltaic technologies 6-1946.6 Unique missions require unique photovoltaic solutions 6-1946.7 Calls for higher efficiency, radiation tolerance, and lower mass guide research and development efforts 6-2006.8 Future perspective 6-2016.9 Acronyms 6-2016.10 References 6-201Index 203
PREFACERenewable Energy has emerged as an important source for energy and power generation from renewable resources, naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, hydro including tides and waves, geothermal heat, and from traditional and modern biomass. Worldwide investments in renewable energy are surpassing expectations, significantly in Europe (Germany and Spain), the US, in Asia (China and India) and in Australia.Energy, and Power Generation Handbook: Established and Emerging Technologies, edited by K.R. Rao, and published by ASME Press in 2011 was a comprehensive reference work of 32 chapters authored by 53 expert contributors from around the world, with the authors drawn from different specialties, each an expert in the respective field and with several decades of professional expertise and scores of technical publications. Recognizing the need of treating Renewable Energy and Power Generation as a separate field ASME Press initiated “Renewable Energy Series” to address each entity of Renewable Energy in a separate book, revising pertinent chapters of the 2011 Hand- book and bringing the coverage up to date.Thus, this book is the first in a series of renewable energy topical books and addresses SOLAR ENERGY APPLICATIONS to update chapters 1 through 6 of the 2011 Handbook in which Solar Energy was addressed.This book is meant to cover the technical discussions relating to solar energy source as well as why(s) and wherefore(s) of power genera- tion. A unique aspect of this publication is the scholarly discussions and expert opinions expressed, enabling the reader to make “value judg- ments” regarding which solar energy technology is applicable for their purpose. This book has the end user in view from the very beginning to the end. The audience targeted by this publication not only includes libraries, universities for use in their curriculum, utilities, consultants, and regulators, but is also meant to include ASME’s global community. ASME’s strategic plan includes Energy Technology as a priority.This book could be of immense use to those looking beyond the conventional discussions contained in similar books that provide the “cost benefit” rationale. Instead of picturing a static view, the contributors portray a futuristic perspective in their depictions, even considering the realities beyond the realm of socio-economic parameters to ramifications of the political climate. These discussions will captivate advocacy planners of global warming and energy conservation. University libraries, the “public-at-large,” economists looking for technological answers, practicing engineers who are looking for greener pastures in pursuing their professions, young engineers who are scrutinizing job alternatives, and engineers caught in a limited vision of energy and power generation will find this publication informative. Equally important is that all of the authors have cited from the public domain as well as textbook publications, handbooks, scholastic literature, and professional society publications, including ASME’s Technical Publications, in addition to their own professional experience, items that deal with renewable energy and non-renewable energy sources. Thus, ASME members across most of the Technical Divisions will find this book worth having.Dr. K.R. Rao Editor-in-ChiefRenewable Energy Series