.jpg)
Companion Guide to the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel CodeCriteria and Commentary on Select Aspects of the Boiler & Pressure Vessel and Piping CodesVolume 1EditorK. R. RaoNew YorkASME PRESS, 2002
2002 by The American Society of Mechanical Engineers Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016
All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS WORK HAS BEEN OBTAINED BY THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS FROM SOURCES BELIEVED TO BE RELIABLE. HOWEVER, NEITHER ASME NOR ITS AUTHORS OR EDITORS GUARANTEE THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF ANY INFORMATION PUBLISHED IN THIS WORK. NEITHER ASME NOR ITS AUTHORS AND EDITORS SHALL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY ERRORS, OMISSIONS, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS INFORMATION. THE WORK IS PUBLISHED WITH THE UNDERSTANDING THAT ASME AND ITS AUTHORS AND EDITORSARE SUPPLYING INFORMATION BUT ARE NOT ATTEMPTING TO RENDER ENGINEERING OR OTHER PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. IF SUCH ENGINEERING OR PROFESSIONAL SERVICES ARE REQUIRED, THE ASSISTANCE OF AN APPROPRIATE PROFESSIONAL SHOULD BE SOUGHT.
ASME shall not be responsible for statements or opinions advanced in papers or . . . printed in its publications (B7.1.3). Statement from the Bylaws.
For authorization to photocopy material for internal or personal use under those circumstances not falling within the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act, contact the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: 978-750-8400, www.copyright.com.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataRao, K. R., 1933–Criteria and commentary on select aspects of ASME boiler and pressure vessel and piping codes K. R. Rao.p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-7918-0173-X (v. 1) — ISBN 0-7918-0174-8 (v. 2)1. Steam-boilers—Standards. 2. Pressure vessels—Standards.I. Title.TJ289.R36 2001 621.18021873—dc21 2001035293Cover photo: Ninemile Point: Courtesy of Entergy Corporation: Paul Nehrenz, photographerCover designer: Paul Moran
CONTENTSDedicationWilliam Cooper and Robert E. Nickell iiiAcknowledgementsK. R. Rao v Contributor Biographies viiPrefaceK. R. Rao and Robert E. Nickell xxiiiIntroductionK. R. Rao xxvOrganization and Operation of the Boiler and Pressure Vessel CommitteeMartin D. Bernstein xxxvii
PART 1: POWER BOILERS — SECTIONS I & VII OF B&PV CODE
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Power BoilersMartin D. Bernstein 1PART 2: SECTION II OF B&PV CODE
CHAPTER 3 Part 2, Section II: Materials and SpecificationsDomenic A. Canonico, Elmar Upitis, Dennis W. Rahoi, and Marvin L. Carpenter 63CHAPTER 2 Section VII — Recommended Guidelines for the Care of Power Boilers 1PART 3: SECTION III — RULES FOR CONTRUCTION OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT COMPONENTS
CHAPTER 4 A Commentary for Understanding and Applying the Principles of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel CodeRoger F. Reedy 143CHAPTER 7 Subsection NC, ND — Class 2 and 3 ComponentsThomas J. Ahl 227CHAPTER 8 Subsection NB, NC, ND-3600 PipingDonald F. Landers 265CHAPTER 5 Subsection NCA — General Requirements for Division 1 and Division 2Richard W. Swayne CHAPTER 6 Subsection NB — Class 1ComponentsJohn Hechmer 187CHAPTER 9 Subsection NE — Class MC ComponentsKamran Mokhtarian 287CHAPTER 12 Subsection NH — Class 1 Components in Elevated Temperature Service Robert I. Jetter 369CHAPTER 10 Subsection NF — SupportsRobert J. Masterson 311CHAPTER 13 B31.3 Pumps and ValvesDouglas B. Nickerson 405CHAPTER 11 Subsection NG — Core Support StructuresJohn T. Land 351SECTION III DIVISION 2CHAPTER 14 Code for Concrete Reactor Vessels and ContainmentsJohn D. Stevenson 417
SECTION III DIVISION 3
CHAPTER 15 Containment Systems for Transportation and Storage Packaging of Spent Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste and Spent FuelJohn D. Stevenson 433
PART 4: CODE FOR B31.1 & B31.3 PIPING
CHAPTER 16 B31.1, Power PipingCharles Becht IV 443CHAPTER 17 B31.3 Process PipingCharles Becht IV 497PART 5: HEATING BOILERS — SECTIONS IV AND VI OF B&PV CODE
CHAPTER 19 ASME Section VI:Recommended Rules for the Care and Operation of Heating BoilersM. A. Malek and Geoffrey M. Halley 633INDEX 673
PREFACEThis book provides “The Criteria and Commentary on Select Aspects of ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel and Piping Codes” in two volumes. The intent of this book is to serve as a “Primer” to help the user weave through varied aspects of the ASME Codes and B31.1 and B31.3 Piping Codes and present a summary of spe- cific aspects of interest to users. In essence, this Primer will enable users to understand the basic rationale of the Codes as deliber- ated and disseminated by the ASME Code Committees. This book is different from the Code Cases or Interpretations of the Code, issued periodically by these ASME Code Committees, although these are referred in the book. It is meant for a varied spectrum of users of Boiler and Pressure Vessel (B&PV) and B31.1 and B31.3 Piping Codes in United States and elsewhere in the world. This book should be considered as a comprehensive guide for ASME B&PV Code Sections I through XI, B31.1 and B31.3 Pip- ing Codes. The contents of these two volumes can be considered as a companion book a criteria document — for the latest editions of the Code, written by thirty-six professionals with expertise in its preparation and use.ASME and the industry volunteers have invested immense resources in developing Codes and Standards for the Power and Petrochemical Industry, including nuclear, non-nuclear, fos- sil, and related. The industry has been relying on these documents, collectively referred to as the ASME Code, on a day-to- day basis, and regulators consult them for enforcing the rules. Research and development, in both the material science and analytical areas, find their results in the revisions and update of the Codes. Over a period of time, these B&PV and Pip- ing Codes, encompassing several disciplines and topics, have become voluminous Standards that belie the intent and expec- tations of the authors of the Codes. In a word, the B&PV Codes can become a “labyrinth” for an occasional user not conver- sant with the information contained in the Code. Thus, given the wealth of information contained in the Code, these cannot be easily discerned. For example, the B&PV Code, even though it is literally an encyclopedia of rules and standards to be followed by engineers in the nuclear or fossil or related industries, is not easy to comprehend and conform to. Alphanumeric text and graphics are loaded with information, arrived at by a consensus process from the deliberations of practicing engineers, profes- sionals, academia, and regulators meeting several times a year. A lack of understanding of the Code, therefore, can cause not only professional errors but also misplaced confidence and reliance on the engineer’s interpretation that could lead to serious public safety hazards. Spread over several volumes and thousands of pages of text, tables, and graphics, it is not easy to decipher the criteria and the basis of these Codes. Thus, given the importance of these ASME Codes related to the industry and the attendant technological advances, it becomes a professional expediency to assimilate and appropriately apply the wealth of information contained in the Codes. The first step, then, is to ask, “Where is what?” The Code is spread over eleven Sections; attending the tutorials is one way to understand first- hand the various Sections of the Code. However, this is not within the reach of all of the engineers in the industry. The next best solution is to have expert authors, versatile in the individual Sections and Subsections, to make the subject matter under- standable to the practicing engineers in a book format such “A PRIMER.”In this book, all of the Sections I through XI of the B&PV and B31.1 and B31.3 Piping Codes are summarily addressed with examples, explanatory text, tables, graphics, references, and anno- tated bibliographical notes. This permits engineers to more eas- ily refer to the material requirements and the acceptance criteria whether they are in the design basis or in an operability situa- tion of a nuclear plant or process piping. In addition, certain spe- cial topics of interest to engineers are explicitly addressed. These include Rules for Accreditation and Certification; Perspective on Cyclic, Impact, and Dynamic Loads; Functionality and Operabil- ity Criteria; Fluids; Pipe Vibration; Stress Intensification Factors, Stress Indices, and Flexibility Factors; Code Design and Evalu- ation for Cyclic Loading; and Bolted-Flange Joints and Connec- tions. Important is the inclusion of unique Sections such as Sec- tions I, II, IV through VII, IX, and X that enriches the value of the book as a comprehensive companion guide for B&PV and Piping Codes. Of considerable value is the inclusion of an in-depth treat- ment of Sections III, VIII, and XI. A unique aspect of the book chapters related to the Codes is the treatment of the origins and the historical background unraveling the original intent of the writers of the Criteria of the Codes and Standards. Thus, the current users of these Codes and Standards can apply their engineering knowl- edge and judgment intelligently in their use of these Codes and Standards.Although these two volumes cannot be considered to be a per- fect symphony, the subject matter orchestrates around a central theme, that is, “The Use of B&PV and Piping Codes and Stan- dards.” Special effort is made by the contributors, who are experts in their respective fields, to cross-reference other Sections; this facilitates identifying the interconnection between various B&PV Code Sections, as well as the B31.1 and B31.3 Piping Codes. The Table of Contents, indexing, and annotated notes for individual Chapters are provided to identify the connection between varied topics. It is worth mentioning that despite the chapters not being of equal length, comprehensive coverage is ensured. The coverage of some sections is intentionally increased to provide in-depth discussion, with examples to elucidate the points citing the Code Subsections and Articles.K. R. Rao, Ph.D., P.E. Robert E. Nickell, Ph.D.Editor 1999–2000
2002 by The American Society of Mechanical Engineers Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016
All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS WORK HAS BEEN OBTAINED BY THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS FROM SOURCES BELIEVED TO BE RELIABLE. HOWEVER, NEITHER ASME NOR ITS AUTHORS OR EDITORS GUARANTEE THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF ANY INFORMATION PUBLISHED IN THIS WORK. NEITHER ASME NOR ITS AUTHORS AND EDITORS SHALL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY ERRORS, OMISSIONS, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS INFORMATION. THE WORK IS PUBLISHED WITH THE UNDERSTANDING THAT ASME AND ITS AUTHORS AND EDITORSARE SUPPLYING INFORMATION BUT ARE NOT ATTEMPTING TO RENDER ENGINEERING OR OTHER PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. IF SUCH ENGINEERING OR PROFESSIONAL SERVICES ARE REQUIRED, THE ASSISTANCE OF AN APPROPRIATE PROFESSIONAL SHOULD BE SOUGHT.
ASME shall not be responsible for statements or opinions advanced in papers or . . . printed in its publications (B7.1.3). Statement from the Bylaws.
For authorization to photocopy material for internal or personal use under those circumstances not falling within the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act, contact the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: 978-750-8400, www.copyright.com.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataRao, K. R., 1933–Criteria and commentary on select aspects of ASME boiler and pressure vessel and piping codes K. R. Rao.p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-7918-0173-X (v. 1) — ISBN 0-7918-0174-8 (v. 2)1. Steam-boilers—Standards. 2. Pressure vessels—Standards.I. Title.TJ289.R36 2001 621.18021873—dc21 2001035293Cover photo: Ninemile Point: Courtesy of Entergy Corporation: Paul Nehrenz, photographerCover designer: Paul Moran
CONTENTSDedicationWilliam Cooper and Robert E. Nickell iiiAcknowledgementsK. R. Rao v Contributor Biographies viiPrefaceK. R. Rao and Robert E. Nickell xxiiiIntroductionK. R. Rao xxvOrganization and Operation of the Boiler and Pressure Vessel CommitteeMartin D. Bernstein xxxvii
PART 1: POWER BOILERS — SECTIONS I & VII OF B&PV CODE
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Power BoilersMartin D. Bernstein 1PART 2: SECTION II OF B&PV CODE
CHAPTER 3 Part 2, Section II: Materials and SpecificationsDomenic A. Canonico, Elmar Upitis, Dennis W. Rahoi, and Marvin L. Carpenter 63CHAPTER 2 Section VII — Recommended Guidelines for the Care of Power Boilers 1PART 3: SECTION III — RULES FOR CONTRUCTION OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT COMPONENTS
CHAPTER 4 A Commentary for Understanding and Applying the Principles of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel CodeRoger F. Reedy 143CHAPTER 7 Subsection NC, ND — Class 2 and 3 ComponentsThomas J. Ahl 227CHAPTER 8 Subsection NB, NC, ND-3600 PipingDonald F. Landers 265CHAPTER 5 Subsection NCA — General Requirements for Division 1 and Division 2Richard W. Swayne CHAPTER 6 Subsection NB — Class 1ComponentsJohn Hechmer 187CHAPTER 9 Subsection NE — Class MC ComponentsKamran Mokhtarian 287CHAPTER 12 Subsection NH — Class 1 Components in Elevated Temperature Service Robert I. Jetter 369CHAPTER 10 Subsection NF — SupportsRobert J. Masterson 311CHAPTER 13 B31.3 Pumps and ValvesDouglas B. Nickerson 405CHAPTER 11 Subsection NG — Core Support StructuresJohn T. Land 351SECTION III DIVISION 2CHAPTER 14 Code for Concrete Reactor Vessels and ContainmentsJohn D. Stevenson 417
SECTION III DIVISION 3
CHAPTER 15 Containment Systems for Transportation and Storage Packaging of Spent Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste and Spent FuelJohn D. Stevenson 433
PART 4: CODE FOR B31.1 & B31.3 PIPING
CHAPTER 16 B31.1, Power PipingCharles Becht IV 443CHAPTER 17 B31.3 Process PipingCharles Becht IV 497PART 5: HEATING BOILERS — SECTIONS IV AND VI OF B&PV CODE
CHAPTER 19 ASME Section VI:Recommended Rules for the Care and Operation of Heating BoilersM. A. Malek and Geoffrey M. Halley 633INDEX 673
PREFACEThis book provides “The Criteria and Commentary on Select Aspects of ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel and Piping Codes” in two volumes. The intent of this book is to serve as a “Primer” to help the user weave through varied aspects of the ASME Codes and B31.1 and B31.3 Piping Codes and present a summary of spe- cific aspects of interest to users. In essence, this Primer will enable users to understand the basic rationale of the Codes as deliber- ated and disseminated by the ASME Code Committees. This book is different from the Code Cases or Interpretations of the Code, issued periodically by these ASME Code Committees, although these are referred in the book. It is meant for a varied spectrum of users of Boiler and Pressure Vessel (B&PV) and B31.1 and B31.3 Piping Codes in United States and elsewhere in the world. This book should be considered as a comprehensive guide for ASME B&PV Code Sections I through XI, B31.1 and B31.3 Pip- ing Codes. The contents of these two volumes can be considered as a companion book a criteria document — for the latest editions of the Code, written by thirty-six professionals with expertise in its preparation and use.ASME and the industry volunteers have invested immense resources in developing Codes and Standards for the Power and Petrochemical Industry, including nuclear, non-nuclear, fos- sil, and related. The industry has been relying on these documents, collectively referred to as the ASME Code, on a day-to- day basis, and regulators consult them for enforcing the rules. Research and development, in both the material science and analytical areas, find their results in the revisions and update of the Codes. Over a period of time, these B&PV and Pip- ing Codes, encompassing several disciplines and topics, have become voluminous Standards that belie the intent and expec- tations of the authors of the Codes. In a word, the B&PV Codes can become a “labyrinth” for an occasional user not conver- sant with the information contained in the Code. Thus, given the wealth of information contained in the Code, these cannot be easily discerned. For example, the B&PV Code, even though it is literally an encyclopedia of rules and standards to be followed by engineers in the nuclear or fossil or related industries, is not easy to comprehend and conform to. Alphanumeric text and graphics are loaded with information, arrived at by a consensus process from the deliberations of practicing engineers, profes- sionals, academia, and regulators meeting several times a year. A lack of understanding of the Code, therefore, can cause not only professional errors but also misplaced confidence and reliance on the engineer’s interpretation that could lead to serious public safety hazards. Spread over several volumes and thousands of pages of text, tables, and graphics, it is not easy to decipher the criteria and the basis of these Codes. Thus, given the importance of these ASME Codes related to the industry and the attendant technological advances, it becomes a professional expediency to assimilate and appropriately apply the wealth of information contained in the Codes. The first step, then, is to ask, “Where is what?” The Code is spread over eleven Sections; attending the tutorials is one way to understand first- hand the various Sections of the Code. However, this is not within the reach of all of the engineers in the industry. The next best solution is to have expert authors, versatile in the individual Sections and Subsections, to make the subject matter under- standable to the practicing engineers in a book format such “A PRIMER.”In this book, all of the Sections I through XI of the B&PV and B31.1 and B31.3 Piping Codes are summarily addressed with examples, explanatory text, tables, graphics, references, and anno- tated bibliographical notes. This permits engineers to more eas- ily refer to the material requirements and the acceptance criteria whether they are in the design basis or in an operability situa- tion of a nuclear plant or process piping. In addition, certain spe- cial topics of interest to engineers are explicitly addressed. These include Rules for Accreditation and Certification; Perspective on Cyclic, Impact, and Dynamic Loads; Functionality and Operabil- ity Criteria; Fluids; Pipe Vibration; Stress Intensification Factors, Stress Indices, and Flexibility Factors; Code Design and Evalu- ation for Cyclic Loading; and Bolted-Flange Joints and Connec- tions. Important is the inclusion of unique Sections such as Sec- tions I, II, IV through VII, IX, and X that enriches the value of the book as a comprehensive companion guide for B&PV and Piping Codes. Of considerable value is the inclusion of an in-depth treat- ment of Sections III, VIII, and XI. A unique aspect of the book chapters related to the Codes is the treatment of the origins and the historical background unraveling the original intent of the writers of the Criteria of the Codes and Standards. Thus, the current users of these Codes and Standards can apply their engineering knowl- edge and judgment intelligently in their use of these Codes and Standards.Although these two volumes cannot be considered to be a per- fect symphony, the subject matter orchestrates around a central theme, that is, “The Use of B&PV and Piping Codes and Stan- dards.” Special effort is made by the contributors, who are experts in their respective fields, to cross-reference other Sections; this facilitates identifying the interconnection between various B&PV Code Sections, as well as the B31.1 and B31.3 Piping Codes. The Table of Contents, indexing, and annotated notes for individual Chapters are provided to identify the connection between varied topics. It is worth mentioning that despite the chapters not being of equal length, comprehensive coverage is ensured. The coverage of some sections is intentionally increased to provide in-depth discussion, with examples to elucidate the points citing the Code Subsections and Articles.K. R. Rao, Ph.D., P.E. Robert E. Nickell, Ph.D.Editor 1999–2000